CELYAD S.A. | CIK:0001637890 | 
ifrs-full:DisclosureOfChangesInAccountingEstimatesExplanatory
Note 5. Critical accounting estimates and judgments
The preparation of the Group’s financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities, at the end of the reporting period.
Estimates and judgements are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of the asset or liability affected in future periods.
In the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies, management has made judgments and has used estimates and assumptions concerning the future. The resulting accounting estimates will, by definition, seldom equal the related actual results. The estimates and assumptions that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are addressed below.
Going Concern
When assessing going concern, the company’s Board of directors considers mainly the following factors:
| • | the treasury available at balance sheet date |
| • | the cash burn projected in accordance with approved budget for next 12-month period as from the date of the balance sheet |
Recoverable Cash Advances received from the Walloon Region
As explained in note 3, accounting for RCAs requires initial recognition of the fair value of the loan received to determine the benefit of the below-market rate of interest shall be measured as the difference between the initial carrying value of the loan and the proceeds received. Loans granted to entities in their early stages of operations, for which there is significant uncertainty about whether any income will ultimately be generated and for which any income which will be generated will not arise until a number of years in the future, normally have high interest rates. Judgment is required to determine a rate which may apply to a loan granted on an open market basis.
In accordance with the RCA agreements, the following two components are assessed when calculating estimated future cash flows:
| • | 30% of the initial RCA, which is repayable when the company exploits the outcome of the research financed; and |
| • | a remaining amount, which is repayable based on a royalty percentage of future sales milestones. |
After initial recognition, RCA liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the cumulative catch up method requiring management to regularly revise its estimates of payments and to adjust the carrying amount of the financial liability to reflect actual and revised estimated cash flows.
Measurement and impairment of non-financial assets
With the exception of goodwill and certain intangible assets for which an annual impairment test is required, the Group is required to conduct impairment tests where there is an indication of impairment of an asset. Measuring the fair value of non-financial assets requires judgement and estimates by management. These estimates could change substantially over time as new facts emerge or new strategies are taken by the Group. Further details are contained in Note 7.
Business combinations
In respect of acquired businesses by the Group, significant judgement is made to determine whether these acquisitions are to be considered as an asset deal or as a business combination. Determining whether a particular set of assets and activities is a business should be based on whether the integrated set is capable of being conducted and managed as a business by a market participant. Moreover, managerial judgement is particularly involved in the recognition and fair value measurement of the acquired assets, liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent consideration. In making this assessment management considers the underlying economic substance of the items concerned in addition to the contractual terms.
Contingent consideration provisions
The Group records a liability for the estimated fair value of contingent consideration arising from business combinations. The estimated amounts are the expected payments, determined by considering the possible scenarios of forecast sales and other performance criteria, the amount to be paid under each scenario, and the probability of each scenario, which is then discounted to a net present value. The estimates could change substantially over time as new facts emerge and each scenario develops.
Deferred Tax Assets
Deferred tax assets for unused tax losses are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the losses can be utilized. Significant management judgment is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognized, based upon the likely timing and level of future taxable profits together with future tax planning strategies. Further details are contained in Note 27.
Share-based payment transactions
The Group measures the cost of equity-settled transactions with employees by reference to the fair value of the equity instruments at the date at which they are granted. Estimating fair value for share-based payment transactions requires determining the most appropriate valuation model, which is dependent on the terms and conditions of the grant. This estimate also requires determining the most appropriate inputs to the valuation model including the expected life of the share option, volatility and dividend yield and making assumptions about them. The assumptions and models used for estimating fair value for share-based payment transactions are disclosed in Note 16.