| h. | Investments in associates and joint ventures |
An associate is an entity over which the Group has significant influence and that is neither a subsidiary nor an interest in a joint venture. Joint venture is a joint arrangement whereby the Group and other parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.
Under the equity method, investments in an associate and a joint venture are initially recognized at cost and adjusted thereafter to recognize the Group’s share of the profit or loss and other comprehensive income of the associate and joint venture. The Group also recognizes the changes in the Group’s share of equity of associates and joint venture.
Any excess of the cost of acquisition over the Group’s share of the fair value of the net identifiable assets and liabilities of an associate or a joint venture at the date of acquisition is recognized as goodwill, which is included within the carrying amount of the investment and is not amortized.
Gains and losses resulting from upstream, downstream and sidestream transactions between the Group (including its subsidiaries) and its associates or joint ventures are recognized in the Group’s consolidated financial statements only to the extent of interests in the associates or joint ventures that are not related to the Group.