| (d) | Fair value measurement |
The Group measures financial instruments, such as held for trading investments and derivatives, at fair value at each balance sheet date. Fair value related disclosures for financial instruments that are measured at fair value are summarized in the following notes:
| • | Quoted equity shares | Note 35 | ||||
| • | Foreign exchange forward contract | Note 35 | ||||
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
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In the principal market for the asset or liability, or |
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In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability |
The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Group.
The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Group uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
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Level 1 – Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities |
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Level 2 – Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable |
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Level 3 – Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable |
For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements at fair value on a recurring basis, the Group determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.
For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Group has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.
An analysis of fair values of financial instruments and further details as to how they are measured are provided in Note 35.