Financial risk management
Risk management principles and processes
The Group’s activities are exposed to a variety of financial risks. The Group’s overall risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize the Group’s capital costs by using suitable means of financing and to manage and control the Group’s financial risks effectively. The Group uses financial instruments to hedge certain risk exposures.
The Group’s approach to the identification, assessment and mitigation of risk is carried out by a Risk and Commercial Committee, which focuses on timely and appropriate management of risk.
The principal financial risks are related to raw material price, end-product price, exchange rate, interest rate, liquidity and credit. This section provides a description of the principal risks and uncertainties that could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s strategy, performance, results of operations and financial condition. These risks do not appear in any particular order of potential materiality or probability of occurrence.
The Group’s cash flows, statement of income and statement of financial position are presented in US dollars and may be affected by fluctuations in exchange rates. Currency risks as defined by IFRS 7 arise on account of monetary assets and liabilities being denominated in a currency that is not the functional currency.
A significant majority of the Group’s business activities is conducted in the respective functional currencies of the subsidiaries (primarily the Brazilian Reais and the Argentine Peso). However, the Group may transact in currencies other than the respective functional currencies, mainly the US dollars. As such, these subsidiaries may hold US dollar denominated monetary balances at each year-end as indicated in the tables below.
The Group’s net financial position exposure to the US dollar is managed on a case-by-case basis, partly by hedging certain expected cash flows with foreign exchange derivative contracts.
The following tables show the net monetary position of the respective subsidiaries within the Group categorized by functional currency. Non-US dollar amounts are presented in US dollars for purpose of these tables.
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| 2017 |
| Subsidiaries’ functional currency |
Net monetary position (Liability)/ Asset | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reais | Uruguayan Peso | US Dollar | Total |
Argentine Peso | (21,958 | ) | — |
| — |
| — |
| (21,958 | ) |
Brazilian Reais | — |
| (17,134 | ) | — |
| — |
| (17,134 | ) |
US Dollar | (204,446 | ) | (461,966 | ) | 20,451 |
| 124,125 |
| (521,836 | ) |
Uruguayan Peso | — |
| — |
| (1,101 | ) | — |
| (1,101 | ) |
Total | (226,404 | ) | (479,100 | ) | 19,350 |
| 124,125 |
| (562,029 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| 2016 |
| Subsidiaries’ functional currency |
Net monetary position (Liability)/ Asset | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reais | Uruguayan Peso | US Dollar | Total |
Argentine Peso | 1,518 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 1,518 |
|
Brazilian Reais | — |
| (203,070 | ) | — |
| — |
| (203,070 | ) |
US Dollar | (44,088 | ) | (307,088 | ) | (7,714 | ) | 78,801 |
| (280,089 | ) |
Uruguayan Peso | — |
| — |
| (35 | ) | — |
| (35 | ) |
Total | (42,570 | ) | (510,158 | ) | (7,749 | ) | 78,801 |
| (481,676 | ) |
The Group’s analysis shown on the tables below is carried out based on the exposure of each functional currency subsidiary against the US dollar. The Group estimated that, other factors being constant, a hypothetical 10% appreciation/depreciation of the US dollar against the respective functional currencies for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 would have decreased/increased the Group’s Profit before income tax for the year. A 10% depreciation of the US dollar against the functional currencies would have an equal and opposite effect on the income statement. A portion of this effect would have been recognized as other comprehensive income since a portion of the Company’s borrowings was used as cash flow hedge of the foreign exchange rate risk of a portion of its highly probable future sales in US dollars (see Hedge Accounting - Cash Flow Hedge below for details).
|
| | | | | | | | | |
| Functional currency |
Net monetary position | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reais | Uruguayan Peso | Total |
2017 | US Dollar | (20,445 | ) | (46,197 | ) | 2,045 |
| (64,597 | ) |
2016 | US Dollar | (4,409 | ) | (30,709 | ) | (771 | ) | (35,889 | ) |
The tables above only consider the effect of a hypothetical appreciation / depreciation of the US dollars on the Group’s net financial position. A hypothetical appreciation / depreciation of the US dollar against the functional currencies of the Group’s subsidiaries has historically had a positive / negative effect, respectively, on the fair value of the Group’s biological assets and the end prices of the Group’s agriculture produce, both of which are generally linked to the US dollar.
Hedge Accounting Cash Flow Hedge
Effective July 1, 2013, the Group formally documented and designated cash flow hedging relationships to hedge the foreign exchange rate risk of a portion of its highly probable future sales in US dollars using a portion of its borrowings denominated in US dollars, currency forwards and foreign currency floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps.
Principal amounts of long-term borrowings (non-derivative financial instruments) and notional values of foreign currency forward contracts (derivative financial instruments) were designated as hedging instruments. These instruments are exposed to Brazilian Reais/ US dollar foreign currency risks related to operations in Brazil and Argentine Peso/US Dollar in Argentina, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, approximately 24.6% and 18.1%, respectively, of projected sales qualify as highly probable forecast transactions for hedge accounting purposes and were designated as hedged items.
The Group has prepared formal documentation in order to support the designation above, including an explanation of how the designation of the hedging relationship is aligned with the Group’s Risk Management Policy, identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged transactions, the nature of the risk being hedged and an analysis which demonstrates that the hedge is expected to be highly effective. The Group reassesses the prospective and retrospective effectiveness of the hedge on an ongoing basis comparing the foreign currency component of the carrying amount of the hedging instruments and of the highly probable future sales.
Under cash flow hedge accounting, effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on derivative and non-derivative hedging instruments not be immediately recognized in profit or loss, but be reclassified from equity to profit or loss in the periods when the future sales occur, thus allowing for a more appropriate presentation of the results for the period reflecting the strategy in the Group’s Risk Management Policy.
The Company expects that the cash flows will occur and affect profit or loss between 2018 and 2022.
For the year ended December 31, 2017, a total amount before income tax of US$ 530 gain (US$ 67,683 loss in 2016) was recognized in other comprehensive income and an amount of US$ 20,758 loss (US$ 85,214 loss in 2016) was reclassified from equity to profit or loss within “Financial results, net”.
Inflation in the costs of raw materials and goods and services from industry suppliers and manufacturers presents risks to project economics. A significant portion of the Group’s cost structure includes the cost of raw materials primarily seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals, among others. Prices for these raw materials may vary significantly.
Prices for commodities products have historically been cyclical, reflecting overall economic conditions and changes in capacity within the industry, which affect the profitability of entities engaged in the agribusiness industry. The Group combines different actions to minimize price risk. A percentage of crops are to be sold during and post harvest period. The Group manages minimum and maximum prices for each commodity as well as gross margin per each crop as to decide when and how to sell. End-product price risks are hedged if economically viable and possible by entering into forward contracts with major trading houses or by using derivative financial instruments, consisting mainly of crops and sugar future contracts, but also includes occasionally put and call options. A movement in end-product futures prices would result in a change in the fair value of the end product hedging contracts. These fair value changes, after taxes, are recorded in the statement of income.
Contract positions are designed to ensure that the Group would receive a defined minimum price for certain quantities of its production. The counterparties to these instruments generally are major financial institutions. In entering into these contracts, the Group has assumed the risk that might arise from the possible inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. The Group does not expect any material losses as a result of counterparty defaults. The Group is also obliged to pay margin deposits and premiums for these instruments. These estimates represent only the sensitivity of the financial instruments to market risk and not the Group exposure to end product price risks as a whole, since the crops and cattle products sales are not financial instruments within the scope of IFRS 7 disclosure requirements.
The Group is exposed to liquidity risks, including risks associated with refinancing borrowings as they mature, and that borrowing facilities are not available to meet cash requirements. Failure to manage liquidity risks could have a material impact on the Group’s cash flow and statement of financial position.
Prudent liquidity risk management includes managing the profile of debt maturities and funding sources close oversight of cash flows projections, maintaining sufficient cash, and ensuring the availability of funding from an adequate amount of committed credit facilities and the ability to close out market positions. The Group's ability to fund its existing and prospective debt requirements is managed by maintaining diversified funding sources with adequate available funding lines from high quality lenders; and reaching to have long-term financial facilities. During 2017 the Company issued a 10 years Note, which improved the maturity of the borrowings (see Note 26).
As of December 31, 2017, cash and cash equivalents of the Group totaled U$S 269.2 million, which could be used for managing liquidity risk.
The tables below analyzes the Group’s non-derivative financial liabilities and derivative financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the statement of financial position to the contractual maturity date. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows and as a result they do not reconcile to the amounts disclosed on the statement of financial position except for short-term payables when discounting is not applied.
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
At December 31, 2017 | Less than 1 year | Between 1 and 2 years | Between 2 and 5 years | Over 5 Years | Total |
Trade and other payables | 85,239 |
| 557 |
| 49 |
| 221 |
| 86,066 |
|
Borrowings | 197,975 |
| 96,867 |
| 56,486 |
| 797,226 |
| 1,148,554 |
|
Derivative financial instruments | 552 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 552 |
|
Total | 283,766 |
| 97,424 |
| 56,535 |
| 797,447 |
| 1,235,172 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
At December 31, 2016 | Less than 1 year | Between 1 and 2 years | Between 2 and 5 years | Over 5 Years | Total |
Trade and other payables | 79,715 |
| 1,082 |
| 19 |
| 326 |
| 81,142 |
|
Borrowings | 239,588 |
| 218,717 |
| 221,036 |
| 35,702 |
| 715,043 |
|
Derivative financial instruments | 6,406 |
| 662 |
| — |
| — |
| 7,068 |
|
Total | 325,709 |
| 220,461 |
| 221,055 |
| 36,028 |
| 803,253 |
|
The Group’s interest rate risk arises from long-term borrowings at floating rates, which expose the Group to cash flow interest rate risk. Borrowings issued at fixed rates expose the Group to fair value interest rate risk. The interest rate profile of the Group's borrowings is set out in Note 26.
The Group occasionally manages its cash flow interest rate risk exposure by using floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps. Such interest rate swaps have the economic effect of converting borrowings from floating rates to fixed rates.
The following tables show a breakdown of the Group’s fixed-rate and floating-rate borrowings per currency denomination and functional currency of the subsidiary issuing the loans (excluding finance leases). These analyses are performed after giving effect to interest rate swaps.
The analysis for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 is as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| 2017 |
| Subsidiaries’ functional currency |
Rate per currency denomination | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reais | Uruguayan Peso | US Dollar | Total |
Fixed rate: | |
| |
| |
| | |
|
Argentine Peso | 6,448 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 6,448 |
|
Brazilian Reais | — |
| 96,951 |
| — |
| — |
| 96,951 |
|
US Dollar | 68,963 |
| 34,675 |
| 10,010 |
| 504,004 |
| 617,652 |
|
Subtotal fixed-rate borrowings | 75,411 |
| 131,626 |
| 10,010 |
| 504,004 |
| 721,051 |
|
Variable rate: | |
| |
| |
| |
|
|
Brazilian Reais | — |
| 27,668 |
| — |
| — |
| 27,668 |
|
US Dollar | 49,599 |
| 19,535 |
| — |
| — |
| 69,134 |
|
Subtotal variable-rate borrowings | 49,599 |
| 47,203 |
| — |
| — |
| 96,802 |
|
Total borrowings as per analysis | 125,010 |
| 178,829 |
| 10,010 |
| 504,004 |
| 817,853 |
|
Finance leases | 105 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 105 |
|
Total borrowings as per statement of financial position | 125,115 |
| 178,829 |
| 10,010 |
| 504,004 |
| 817,958 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| 2016 |
| Subsidiaries’ functional currency |
Rate per currency denomination | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reais | Uruguayan Peso | US Dollar | Total |
Fixed rate: | |
| |
| |
| | |
|
Argentine Peso | 1,005 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 1,005 |
|
Brazilian Reais | — |
| 131,495 |
| — |
| — |
| 131,495 |
|
US Dollar | 15,065 |
| 37,937 |
| 29,069 |
| — |
| 82,071 |
|
Subtotal fixed-rate borrowings | 16,070 |
| 169,432 |
| 29,069 |
| — |
| 214,571 |
|
Variable rate: | |
| |
| |
| |
|
|
Brazilian Reais | — |
| 65,408 |
| — |
| — |
| 65,408 |
|
US Dollar | 48,677 |
| 306,559 |
| — |
| — |
| 355,236 |
|
Subtotal variable-rate borrowings | 48,677 |
| 371,967 |
| — |
| — |
| 420,644 |
|
Total borrowings as per analysis | 64,747 |
| 541,399 |
| 29,069 |
| — |
| 635,215 |
|
Finance leases | 181 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 181 |
|
Total borrowings as per statement of financial position | 64,928 |
| 541,399 |
| 29,069 |
| — |
| 635,396 |
|
For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, if interest rates on floating-rate borrowings had been 1% higher with all other variables held constant, the Group’s Profit before income tax for the years would have decreased as shown below. A 1% decrease in interest rates would have an equal and opposite effect on the income statement.
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| 2017 |
| Subsidiaries’ functional currency |
Rate per currency denomination | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reais | Uruguayan Peso | US Dollar | Total |
Variable rate: | |
| |
| |
| | |
|
Brazilian Reais | — |
| (277 | ) | — |
| — |
| (277 | ) |
US Dollar | (496 | ) | (195 | ) | — |
| — |
| (691 | ) |
Total effects on profit before income tax | (496 | ) | (472 | ) | — |
| — |
| (968 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| 2016 |
| Subsidiaries’ functional currency |
Rate per currency denomination | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reias | Uruguayan Peso | US Dollar | Total |
Variable rate: | |
| |
| |
| | |
|
Brazilian Reais | — |
| (654 | ) | — |
| — |
| (654 | ) |
US Dollar | (487 | ) | (3,066 | ) | — |
| — |
| (3,553 | ) |
Total effects on profit before income tax | (487 | ) | (3,720 | ) | — |
| — |
| (4,207 | ) |
The sensitivity analysis has been determined assuming that the change in interest rates had occurred at the date of the statement of financial position and had been applied to the exposure to interest rate risk for financial instruments in existence at that date. The 100 basis point increase or decrease represents management's assessment of a reasonable possible change in those interest rates, which have the most impact on the Group, specifically the United States and Brazilian rates over the period until the next annual statement of financial position date.
The Group’s exposures to credit risk arise in certain agreements in relation to amounts owed for physical product sales, the use of derivative instruments, and the investment of surplus cash balances. The Group is also exposed to political and economic risk events, which may cause non-payment of foreign currency obligations to the Group.
The Group’s policy is to manage credit exposure to trading counterparties within defined trading limits. All of the Group’s significant counterparties are assigned internal credit limits.
The Group sells to a large base of customers. Type and class of customers may differ depending on the Group’s business segments. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, more than 97% and 95%, respectively, of the Group’s sales of crops were sold to 111 and 121 well-known customers (both multinational and local) with good credit history with the Group. In the Sugar, Ethanol and Energy segment, sales of ethanol were concentrated in 7 and 35 customers, which represented 100% and 96% of total sales of ethanol for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Approximately 87% and 71% of the Group’s sales of sugar were concentrated in 24 and 20 well-known traders for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The remaining 13% and 29%, which mainly relates to “crystal sugar”, were dispersed among several customers. In 2017 and 2016, energy sales are 99% and 96% concentrated in 32 major customers. In the dairy segment, 100% and 85% of the sales were concentrated in 29 and 14 well-known customers in 2017 and 2016, respectively.
No credit limits were exceeded during the reporting periods and management does not expect any losses from non-performance by these counterparties. If any of the Group’s customers are independently rated, these ratings are used. Otherwise, the Group assesses the credit quality of the customer taking into account its financial position, past experience and other factors (see Note 18 for details). The Group may seek cash collateral, letter of credit or parent company guarantees, as considered appropriate. Sales to customers are primarily made by credit with customary payment terms. The maximum exposure to credit risk is represented by the carrying amount of each financial asset in the statement of financial position after deducting any impairment allowance. The Group’s exposure of credit risk arising from trade receivables is set out in Note 18.
The Group is exposed to counterparty credit risk on cash and cash equivalent balances. The Group holds cash on deposit with a number of financial institutions. The Group manages its credit risk exposure by limiting individual deposits to clearly defined limits. The Group only deposits with high quality banks and financial institutions. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the total amount of cash and cash equivalents mainly comprise cash in banks and short-term bank deposits. The Group is authorized to transact with banks rated “BBB+” or higher. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, 8 and 4 banks (primarily HSBC, Rabobank, Citibank and Banco do Brasil) accounted for more than 78% and 85%, respectively, of the total cash deposited. The remaining amount of cash and cash equivalents relates to cash in hand. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2017, the Group invested in fixed-term bank deposits with mainly two banks (Banco Itau and Santander) and also entered into derivative contracts (currency forward). The Group’s exposure of credit risk arising from cash and cash equivalents is set out in Note 20.
The Group’s primary objective for holding derivative financial instruments is to manage currency exchange rate risk, interest rate risk and commodity price risk. The Group generally enters into derivative transactions with high-credit-quality counterparties and, by policy, limits the amount of credit exposure to any one counterparty based on an analysis of that counterparty's relative credit standing. The amounts subject to credit risk related to derivative instruments are generally limited to the amounts, if any, by which counterparty's obligations exceed the obligations with that counterparty.
The Group arranged interest rate swaps with HSBC and Itau in Brazil. The Group also entered into crop commodity futures traded in the established trading markets of Argentina and Brazil through well-rated brokers. Management does not expect any counterparty to fail to meet its obligations.
The Group’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital. In order to maintain or adjust the capital structure, it may adjust the amount of dividends paid to shareholders, return capital to shareholders, issue new shares or by own shares or sell assets to reduce debt. Consistent with others in the industry, the Group monitors capital on the basis of the gearing ratio. This ratio is calculated as total debt (including current and non-current borrowings as shown in the consolidated statement of financial position, if applicable) divided by total capital. Total capital is calculated as equity, as shown in the consolidated statement of financial position, plus total debt. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the strategy was to maintain the gearing ratio within 0.45 to 0.60, as follows:
|
| | | | | |
| 2017 | | 2016 |
Total debt | 817,958 |
| | 635,396 |
|
Total equity | 645,131 |
| | 671,673 |
|
Total capital | 1,463,089 |
| | 1,307,069 |
|
Gearing ratio | 0.56 |
| | 0.49 |
|
| |
• | Derivative financial instruments |
As part of its business operations, the Group uses a variety of derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to the financial risks discussed above. As part of this strategy, the Group may enter into derivatives of (i) interest rate to manage the composition of floating and fixed rate debt; (ii) currency to manage exchange rate risk, and (iii) crop (future contracts and put and call options) to manage its exposure to price volatility stemming from its integrated crop production activities. The Group’s policy is not to use derivatives for speculative purposes.
Derivative financial instruments involve, to a varying degree, elements of market and credit risk not recognized in the financial statements. The market risk associated with these instruments resulting from price movements is expected to offset the market risk of the underlying transactions, assets and liabilities, being hedged. The counterparties to the agreements relating to the Group’s contracts generally are large institutions with credit ratings equal to or higher than BBB+. The Group continually monitors the credit rating of such counterparties and seeks to limit its financial exposure to any one financial institution. While the contract or notional amounts of derivative financial instruments provide one measure of the volume of these transactions, they do not represent the amount of the Group’s exposure to credit risk. The amounts potentially subject to credit risk (arising from the possible inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts) are generally limited to the amounts, if any, by which the counterparties’ obligations under the contracts exceed the Group’s obligations to the counterparties.
The following tables show the outstanding positions for each type of derivative contract as of the date of each statement of financial position:
As of December 31, 2017:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2017 |
Type of derivative contract | | Quantities (thousands) (**) | | Notional amount | | Fair Value Asset/ (Liability) | | (Loss)/Gain (*) |
Futures: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Sale | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Corn | | (33 | ) | | (3,198 | ) | | 48 |
| | 361 |
|
Soybean | | 83 |
| | 19,195 |
| | 670 |
| | (765 | ) |
Wheat | | (45 | ) | | (7,083 | ) | | (38 | ) | | (38 | ) |
Sugar | | 343,874 |
| | 121,072 |
| | 3,231 |
| | 3,808 |
|
Options: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Sell put | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Sugar | | 3,572 |
| | 83 |
| | 54 |
| | (30 | ) |
Total | | 347,451 |
| | 130,069 |
| | 3,965 |
| | 3,336 |
|
As of December 31, 2016:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2016 |
Type of derivative contract | | Quantities (thousands) (**) | | Notional amount | | Fair Value Asset/ (Liability) | | (Loss)/Gain (*) |
Futures: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Sale | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Corn | | 66 |
| | 9,436 |
| | 46 |
| | 46 |
|
Soybean | | 120 |
| | 42,330 |
| | (1,171 | ) | | (1,170 | ) |
Sugar | | 17,020 |
| | 9,144 |
| | 722 |
| | 64 |
|
Ethanol | | 6,900 |
| | 3,978 |
| | (40 | ) | | (40 | ) |
Options: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Buy put | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Soybean | | 14 |
| | 464 |
| | 644 |
| | 181 |
|
Sugar | | 70,510 |
| | (6,734 | ) | | 5,374 |
| | 352 |
|
Sell call | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Sugar | | 54,597 |
| | 3,058 |
| | (3,219 | ) | | (105 | ) |
Sell put | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Sugar | | 14,528 |
| | 748 |
| | (763 | ) | | (1,625 | ) |
Total | | 163,755 |
| | 62,424 |
| | 1,593 |
| | (2,297 | ) |
(*) Included in the line item “(Loss) / Gain from commodity derivative financial instruments” of Note 8.
(**) All quantities expressed in tons and m3.
Commodity future contract fair values are computed with reference to quoted market prices on future exchanges.
| |
▪ | Foreign currency floating-to-fixed interest rate swap |
In July 2016 the Group's subsidiary in Brazil, Adecoagro Vale do Ivinhema entered into a Reais 90 million loan with Bradesco. The loan bears interest at a variable rate of CDI (an interbanking floating interest rate in USD) plus 2.1% per year. At same moment and with same bank, the Company entered into a swap operation, which intention is to effectively convert the principal amount and interest rate denominated in Reais, to a principal amount an interest rate denominated in US$, plus a fixed rate of 6,55%. The swap expired on Sep 2017. As of expiration date, the group recognized a gain of US$ 3 included whitin "Financial Results, net.”
During 2017 the Group did not entered into any currency forward contract in Brazil. During the year ended December 31, 2016 the Group entered into several currency forward contracts with Brazilian banks in order to hedge the fluctuation of the Brazilian Reais against the US Dollar for a total aggregate amount of US$ 57.2 million. The currency forward contracts entered in 2016 had maturity dates ranging between March 2016 and April 2017. These contracts resulted in a recognition of a loss of US$ 2.0 million and US$ 5.0 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively.
During the year ended on December 31, 2017, the Group entered into several currency forward contracts in order to hedge the fluctuation of the US Dollar against Euro for a total notional amount of US$ 10.5 million. The currency forward contracts maturity date is March 2017. The outstanding contracts resulted in the recognition of a gain amounting to US$ 0.1 million in 2017.
During the year ended on December 31, 2016, the Group entered into several currency forward contracts in order to hedge the fluctuation of the US Dollar against Euro for a total notional amount of US$ 10.7 million. The currency forward contracts maturity date is March 2017. The outstanding contracts resulted in the recognition of a gain amounting to US$ 0.6 million in 2016.
Gains and losses on currency forward contracts are included within “Financial results, net” in the statement of income.
