(b) Financial instruments
i) Financial assets
The Company classifies its financial assets in the following categories: financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”), loans and receivables, held-to-maturity and available for sale (“AFS”). The classification depends on the purpose for which the financial assets were acquired. Management determines the classification of financial assets at recognition.
Fair value through profit or loss
Financial assets are classified as FVTPL when the financial asset is held-for-trading or it is designated as FVTPL. A financial asset is classified as FVTPL when it has been acquired principally for the purpose of selling in the near future; it is a part of an identified portfolio of financial instruments that the company manages and has an actual pattern of short-term profit-taking or if it is a derivative that is not designated and effective as a hedging instrument. Upon initial recognition, attributable transaction costs are recognized in profit or loss when incurred. Financial instruments at FVTPL are measured at fair value, and changes therein are recognized in profit or loss. The Company classifies its cash as FVTPL.
Loans and receivables
Trade receivables, loans and other receivables that have fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market are classified as loans and receivables. Loans and receivables are initially recognized at the transaction value and subsequently carried at amortized cost less impairment losses. The impairment loss on receivables is based on a review of all outstanding amounts at year-end. Interest income is recognized by applying the effective interest rate method
Held-to-maturity
Held-to-maturity financial assets are recognized on a trade-date basis and are initially measured at fair value using the effective interest rate method.
Available-for-sale
AFS financial assets are non-derivatives that are either designated as AFS or not classified in any of the other financial assets categories. Changes in the fair value of AFS financial assets other than impairment losses are recognized as other comprehensive loss and classified as a component of equity. The Company classifies its investment as AFS.
(ii) Financial liabilities
The Company classifies its financial liabilities as FVTPL or other financial liabilities.
Fair value through profit or loss
Financial liabilities classified as FVTPL include financial liabilities held-for-trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as FVTPL. Fair value changes on financial liabilities classified as FVTPL are recognized in profit or loss.
Other financial liabilities
Other financial liabilities are non-derivatives and are recognized initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred, and are subsequently stated at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. Any difference between the amounts originally received, net of transaction costs, and the redemption value is recognized in profit or loss over the period to maturity using the effective interest method. Other financial liabilities are classified as current or non-current based on their maturity date. The Company classifies accounts payable and accrued liabilities, due to related parties, and convertible debentures as other financial liabilities.
(iii) Impairment
The Company assesses at each reporting date whether there is objective evidence that financial assets, other than those designated as FVTPL, are impaired. When impairment has occurred, the cumulative loss is recognized to profit or loss. For financial assets carried at amortized cost, the amount of the impairment loss recognized is the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the financial asset's original effective interest rate. When an AFS financial asset is considered to be impaired, cumulative gains or losses previously recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss in the period the impairment occurred.