D.9. Inventories
Inventories comprise the following:
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (€ million) | Gross value |
Write- down |
Carrying amount |
Gross value |
Write- down |
Carrying amount |
Gross value |
Write- down |
Carrying amount |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Raw materials | 1,041 | (79) | 962 | 1,053 | (104) | 949 | 1,050 | (90) | 960 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Work in process | 4,348 | (656) | 3,692 | 4,512 | (710) | 3,802 | 4,043 | (561) | 3,482 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finished goods | 2,340 | (178) | 2,162 | 2,341 | (200) | 2,141 | 2,282 | (208) | 2,074 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 7,729 | (913) | 6,816 | 7,906 | (1,014) | 6,892 | 7,375 | (859) | 6,516 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Write-downs include inventories of products on hand pending marketing approval.
Inventories pledged as security for liabilities amounted to €18 million as of December 31, 2017 (compared with €24 million as of December 31, 2016 and €25 million as of December 31, 2015).