| (d) | Foreign currency translation |
Functional and presentation currency
The items included in the financial statements of each subsidiary of the Company are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (“functional currency”).
The functional and presentation currency of the Company financial statements is the Brazilian Real.
Transactions and balances
Foreign currency transactions are accounted for at exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the balance sheet date rate. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the foreign exchange rate prevailing at the date of the transaction. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are stated at fair value are translated at exchange rates ruling at the dates the fair value was determined. Gains and losses arising from the settlement of transactions in foreign currencies and resulting from the conversion of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognized in the income statement.
The foreign exchange gains and losses related to loans and cash and cash equivalents are presented in the income statement as finance cost or finance income.
Conversion of the financial statements of subsidiaries located abroad
Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries located abroad are translated at foreign exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date, while amounts from income statement and cash flows are translated at average exchange rates for the year and the changes in equity are translated at historical exchange rates of each transaction. The translation adjustments arising from the difference between the average exchange rates and the historical rates are recorded directly in Carrying value adjustments.
On consolidation, exchange differences arising from translation of equity in foreign operations and borrowings and other currency instruments designated as net investment hedges are recognized in Carrying value adjustments, an equity reserve, and included in Other comprehensive income.
The goodwill and fair value adjustments arising from the acquisition of a foreign entity are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign entity and translated at the closing rate.
Net investment in a foreign operation
An entity
may
have a monetary item that is receivable from or payable to a foreign operation which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future and do
not
include trade receivables or trade payables. Exchange differences arising shall be recognized initially in other comprehensive income and reclassified from equity to profit or loss on disposal of the net investment.
The most significant exchange rates used in the preparation of the Company’s financial statements are as follows:
| | | | | | Closing rate | | | Average rate | |
Currency | | Name | | Country | | 2017 | | | 2016 | | | 2015 | | | 2017 | | | 2016 | | | 2015 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CAD | | Canadian Dollars | | Canada and Cuba | | | 2.6380 | | | | 2.4214 | | | | 2.8124 | | | | 2.4567 | | | | 2.6348 | | | | 2.5661 | |
DOP | | Dominican Pesos | | Dominican republic | | | 0.0685 | | | | 0.0700 | | | | 0.0860 | | | | 0.0674 | | | | 0.0755 | | | | 0.0725 | |
USD | | US Dollar | | Ecuador (i) , Panamá and Cuba (ii) | | | 3.3080 | | | | 3.2591 | | | | 3.9048 | | | | 3.2017 | | | | 3.4749 | | | | 3.2596 | |
GTQ | | Quetzal | | Guatemala | | | 0.4500 | | | | 0.4343 | | | | 0.5129 | | | | 0.4344 | | | | 0.4570 | | | | 0.4265 | |
PEN | | Novo Sol | | | | | - | | | | 0.9720 | | | | 1.1440 | | | | - | | | | 1.0269 | | | | 1.0396 | |
ARS | | Argentinean Peso | | Argentina | | | 0.1762 | | | | 0.2056 | | | | 0.3003 | | | | 0.1931 | | | | 0.2354 | | | | 0.3581 | |
BOB | | Bolivian Peso | | Bolivia | | | 0.4753 | | | | 0.4683 | | | | 0.5610 | | | | 0.4600 | | | | 0.4993 | | | | 0.4683 | |
PYG | | Guarani | | Paraguai | | | 0.0006 | | | | 0.0006 | | | | 0.0007 | | | | 0.0006 | | | | 0.0006 | | | | 0.0006 | |
UYU | | Uruguayan Peso | | Uruguay | | | 0.1151 | | | | 0.1114 | | | | 0.1304 | | | | 0.1116 | | | | 0.1166 | | | | 0.1197 | |
CLP | | Chilean Peso | | Chile | | | 0.0054 | | | | 0.0049 | | | | 0.0055 | | | | 0.0049 | | | | 0.0051 | | | | 0.0050 | |
COP | | Peso colombiano | | | | | - | | | | 0.0011 | | | | 0.0012 | | | | - | | | | 0.0011 | | | | 0.0012 | |
BBD | | Barbadian Dollar | | Barbados | | | 1.6307 | | | | 1.6075 | | | | - | | | | 1.5783 | | | | 1.7139 | | | | - | |
(i) Until
December 31, 2016,
due to exchange of shareholdings
,
according the Note
1
-
Corporate information
.
(ii) The functional currency of Cuba, the Cuban convertible peso (“CUC”), has a fixed parity with the dollar (“USD”) at balance sheet date.