3.6 Financial assets
Financial assets are classified into the following specified categories: “fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)”, “held-to-maturity investments”, “available-for-sale” and “loans and receivables”. The classification depends on the nature and purpose of holding the financial assets and is determined at the time of initial recognition.
When a financial asset is recognized initially, the Company measures it at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset.
The fair value of an asset is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
The Company’s financial assets include cash and cash equivalents, loans and receivables, derivative financial instruments and other financial assets (Current and non-current).
3.6.1 Effective interest rate method (EIR)
The effective interest rate method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of loans and receivables and other financial assets (designated as held to maturity) and of allocating interest income/expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees on points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial asset, or (where appropriate) a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.
3.6.2. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) include financial assets held for trading and financial assets designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss. Financial assets are classified as held for trading if they are acquired for the purpose of selling or repurchasing in the near term. Derivatives, including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments as defined by IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recogntion and Measurement. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are carried in the statement of financial position at fair value with net changes in fair value presented as finance costs (negative net changes in fair value) or finance income (positive net changes in fair value) in the statement of profit or loss.
3.6.3 Loans and receivables
Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial instruments with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. Loans and receivables with a relevant period (including trade and other receivables) are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment.
Interest income is recognized by applying the effective interest rate, except for short-term receivables when the recognition of interest would be immaterial. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the interest income on loans and receivables recognized in the interest income line item within the consolidated income statements is Ps. 4, Ps. 3 and Ps. -, respectively.
3.6.4 Other financial assets
Other financial assets are non-current accounts receivable and derivative financial instruments. Other financial assets with a relevant period are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment.
3.6.5 Impairment of financial assets
Financial assets, other than those at FVTPL, are assessed for indicators of impairment at the end of each reporting period. Financial assets are considered to be impaired when there is objective evidence that, as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial asset, (an incurred “loss event”) and that loss event has an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial assets that can be reliably estimated.
Evidence of impairment may include indicators as follows:
| • | Significant financial difficulty of the issuer or counterparty; or |
| • | Default or delinquent in interest or principal payments; or |
| • | It becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or financial re-organization; or |
| • | The disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties. |
For financial assets carried at amortized cost, the amount of the impairment loss recognized is the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate.
The carrying amount of the financial asset is reduced by the impairment loss directly for all financial assets with the exception of trade receivables, where the carrying amount is reduced through the use of an allowance for doubtful accounts. When a trade receivable is considered uncollectible, it is written off against the allowance account. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off are credited to the allowance account. Changes in the carrying amount of the allowance account are recognized in consolidated net income.
3.6.6 Derecognition
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is derecognized when:
| • | The rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset have expired, or |
| • | The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘pass-through’ arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset. |
3.6.7 Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets are required to be offset against financial liabilities and the net amount reported in the consolidated statement of financial position if, and only when the Company:
| • | Currently has an enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts, and |
| • | Intends to settle on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously. |