SHINHAN FINANCIAL GROUP CO LTD | CIK:0001263043 |

3.	Significant accounting policies

The significant accounting policies applied by the Group in preparation of its consolidated financial statements are included below. The accounting policies set out below have been applied consistently to all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements, except for the changes in accounting policies described in 2-(e).

 

(a)

Operating segments

An operating segment is a component of the Group that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses, including revenues and expenses that relate to transactions with any of the Group’s other components. All operating segments’ operating results are reviewed regularly by the Group’s CEO to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance, and for which discrete financial information is available.

Segment results that are reported to the CEO include items directly attributable to a segment as well as those that can be allocated on a reasonable basis. The Group’s reportable segments consist of banking, credit card, securities, life insurance, and others.

 

 

(b)

Basis of consolidation

i) Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are entities controlled by the Group. The Group controls an entity when it is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. The financial statements of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date on which control commences until the date on which control ceases.

If a member of the Group uses accounting policies other than those adopted in the consolidated financial statements for the same transactions and events in similar circumstances, appropriate adjustments are made to its financial statements in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

ii) Structured entity

The Group establishes or invests in various structured entities. A structured entity is an entity designed so that its activities are not governed by way of voting rights. When assessing control of a structured entity, the Group considers factors such as the purpose and the design of the investee; its practical ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee; the nature of its relationship with the investee; and the size of its exposure to the variability of returns of the investee. The Group does not recognize any non-controlling interests in the consolidated statements of financial position since the Group’s interests in these entities are recognized as liabilities of the Group.

iii) Intra-group transactions

Intra-group balances and transactions, and any unrealized income and expenses arising from intra-group transactions, are eliminated in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Intra-group losses are recognized as expense if intra-group losses indicate an impairment that requires recognition in the consolidated financial statements.

iv) Non-controlling interests

Non-controlling interests in a subsidiary are accounted for separately from the parent’s ownership interests in a subsidiary. Each component of net profit or loss and other comprehensive income is attributed to the owners of the parent and non-controlling interest holders, even when the allocation reduces the non-controlling interest balance below zero.

 

(c)

Business combinations

i) Business combinations

A business combination is accounted for by applying the acquisition method, unless it is a combination involving entities or businesses under common control.

Each identifiable asset and liability is measured at its acquisition-date fair value except for below:

 

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Leases and insurance contracts are required to be classified on the basis of the contractual terms and other factors

 

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Only those contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination that are a present obligation and can be measured reliably are recognized

 

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Deferred tax assets or liabilities are recognized and measured in accordance with IAS 12 Income Taxes

 

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Employee benefit arrangements are recognized and measured in accordance with IAS 19 Employee Benefits

 

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Indemnification assets are recognized and measured on the same basis as the indemnified liability or asset

 

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Reacquired rights are measured on the basis of the remaining contractual terms of the related contract

 

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Liabilities or equity instruments related to share-based payment transactions are measured in accordance with the method in IFRS 2 Share-based Payment

 

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Assets held for sale are measured at fair value less costs to sell in accordance with IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale

As of the acquisition date, non-controlling interests in the acquiree are measured as the non-controlling interests’ proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets.

The consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets transferred by the acquirer, the liabilities incurred by the acquirer to former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the acquirer. However, any portion of the acquirer’s share-based payment awards exchanged for awards held by the acquiree’s employees that are included in consideration transferred in the business combination shall be measured in accordance with the method described above rather than at fair value.

Acquisition-related costs are costs the acquirer incurs to effect a business combination. Those costs include finder’s fees; advisory, legal, accounting, valuation and other professional or consulting fees; general administrative costs, including the costs of maintaining an internal acquisitions department; and costs of registering and issuing debt and equity securities. Acquisition-related costs, other than those associated with the issue of debt or equity securities, are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred and the services are received. The costs to issue debt or equity securities are recognized in accordance with IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation and IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement.

ii) Goodwill

The Group measures goodwill at the acquisition date as:

 

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the fair value of the consideration transferred; plus

 

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the recognized amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree; plus

 

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if the business combination is achieved in stages, the fair value of the pre-existing equity interest in the acquiree; less

 

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the net recognized amount (generally fair value) of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

When the excess is negative, bargain purchase gain is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

When the Group additionally acquires non-controlling interest, the Group does not recognize goodwill since the transaction is regarded as equity transaction.

 

 

(d)

Investments in associates and joint ventures

An associate is an entity in which the Group has significant influence, but not control, over the entity’s financial and operating policies. Significant influence is presumed to exist when the Group holds between 20 and 50 percent of the voting power of another entity.

A joint venture is a joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the arrangement. Joint control is the contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement, which exists only when decisions about the relevant activities require the unanimous consent of the parties sharing control.

The investment in an associate and a joint venture is initially recognized at cost, and the carrying amount is increased or decreased to recognize the Group’s share of the profit or loss and changes in equity of the associate and the joint venture after the date of acquisition. Intra-group balances and transactions, and any unrealized income and expenses arising from intra-group transactions, are eliminated in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Intra-group losses are recognized as expense if intra-group losses indicate an impairment that requires recognition in the consolidated financial statements.

If an associate or a joint venture uses accounting policies different from those of the Group for like transactions and events in similar circumstances, appropriate adjustments are made to its financial statements in applying the equity method.

When the Group’s share of losses exceeds its interest in an equity accounted investee, the carrying amount of that interest, including any long-term investments, is reduced to nil and the recognition of further losses is discontinued except to the extent that the Group has an obligation or has to make payments on behalf of the investee for further losses.

 

(e)

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash balances and demand deposits with maturities of three months or less from the acquisition date that are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in their fair value, and are used by the Group in the management of its short-term commitments.

 

(f)

Non-derivative financial assets

The Group recognizes and measures non-derivative financial assets by the following four categories: financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, held-to-maturity investments, loans and receivables and available-for-sale financial assets. The Group recognizes financial assets in the consolidated statement of financial position when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Upon initial recognition, non-derivative financial assets are measured at their fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the asset’s acquisition or issuance.

i) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

A financial asset is classified as at fair value through profit or loss if it is held for trading or is designated at fair value through profit or loss. Upon initial recognition, transaction costs are recognized in profit or loss when incurred. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value, and changes therein are recognized in profit or loss. A financial asset other than a financial asset held for trading may be designated as at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”) upon initial recognition if:

 

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such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a recognition or measurement inconsistency that would otherwise arise; or

 

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the financial asset forms part of a group of financial assets or financial liabilities or both, which is managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis, in accordance with the Group’s documented risk management or investment strategy, and information about the grouping is provided internally on that basis; or

 

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it forms part of a contract containing one or more embedded derivatives that would be required to be separated from the host contract.

ii) Held-to-maturity financial assets

A non-derivative financial asset with a fixed or determinable payment and fixed maturity, for which the Group has the positive intention and ability to hold to maturity, are classified as held-to-maturity investments. Subsequent to initial recognition, held-to-maturity investments are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

iii) Loans and receivables

Loans and receivables are financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. Subsequent to initial recognition, loans and receivables are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

iv) Available-for-sale financial assets

Available-for-sale financial assets are those non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available-for-sale or are not classified as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, held-to-maturity investments or loans and receivables. Subsequent to initial recognition, they are measured at fair value, which changes in fair value, net of any tax effect, recorded in other comprehensive income in equity. Investments in equity instruments that do not have a quoted market price in an active market and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured and derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such unquoted equity instruments are measured at cost.

v) De-recognition of financial assets

The Group derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows on the financial asset in a transaction in which substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred. Any interest in transferred financial assets that is created or retained by the Group is recognized as a separate asset or liability.

If the Group retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the transferred financial assets, the Group continues to recognize the transferred financial assets and recognizes financial liabilities for the consideration received.

 

 

vi) Offsetting between financial assets and financial liabilities

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is presented in the consolidated statement of financial position only when the Group currently has a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts, and there is the intention to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

 

(g)

Derivative financial instruments including hedge accounting

Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value, and changes therein are accounted for as described below.

i) Hedge accounting

The Group holds forward exchange contracts, interest rate swaps, currency swaps and other derivative contracts to manage interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk. The Group designated derivatives as hedging instruments to hedge the risk of changes in the fair value of assets, liabilities or firm commitments (a fair value hedge) and foreign currency risk of highly probable forecasted transactions or firm commitments (a cash flow hedge).

On initial designation of the hedge, the Group formally documents the relationship between the hedging instrument(s) and hedged item(s), including the risk management objectives and strategy in undertaking the hedge transaction, together with the methods that will be used to assess the effectiveness of the hedging relationship.

 

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Fair value hedge – Changes in the fair value of a derivative hedging instrument designated as a fair value hedge are recognized in profit or loss. The gain or loss from remeasuring the hedging instrument at fair value for a derivative hedging instrument and the gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in profit or loss in the same line item of the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. The Group discontinues fair value hedge accounting if the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or if the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting. Any adjustment arising from gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk is amortized to profit or loss from the date the hedge accounting is discontinued.

 

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Cash flow hedge – When a derivative is designated to hedge the variability in cash flows attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecasted transaction that could affect profit or loss, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax, and presented in the hedging reserve in equity. Any ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized immediately in profit or loss. If the hedging instrument no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, expires or is sold, terminated, exercised, or the designation is revoked, then hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively. The cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument that has been recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified to profit or loss in the periods during which the forecasted transaction occurs. If the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, then the balance in other comprehensive income is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

 

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Hedge of net investment – Foreign currency differences arising on the retranslation of a derivative designated as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation are recognized in other comprehensive income to the extent that the hedge is effective. To the extent that the hedge is ineffective, such differences are recognized in profit or loss. When the hedged part of a net investment is disposed of, the relevant amount in the accumulated other comprehensive income is transferred to profit or loss as part of the profit or loss on disposal in accordance with IAS 21, ‘The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates’.

ii) Separable embedded derivatives

Embedded derivatives are separated from the host contract and accounted for separately only if the following criteria has been met: (a) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative are not closely related to those of the host contract; (b) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative; and (c) the hybrid instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss. Changes in the fair value of separable embedded derivatives are recognized immediately in profit or loss.

iii) Other derivative financial instruments

Changes in the fair value of other derivative financial instrument not designated as a hedging instrument are recognized immediately in profit or loss.

iv) Unobservable valuation differences at initial recognition

Any difference between the fair value of over the counter derivatives at initial recognition and the amount that would be determined at that date using a valuation technique in a situation in which the valuation is dependent on unobservable parameters is not recognized in profit or loss but is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the instrument or immediately when the fair value becomes observable.

 

(h)

Impairment of financial assets

A financial asset not carried at fair value through profit or loss is assessed at each reporting date to determine whether there is objective evidence that it is impaired. A financial asset is impaired if objective evidence indicates that a loss event has occurred after the initial recognition of the asset, and that the loss event had a negative effect on the estimated future cash flows of that asset that can be estimated reliably. However, losses expected as a result of future events, regardless of likelihood, are not recognized.

In addition, for an investment in an equity security, a significant or prolonged decline in its fair value below its cost is objective evidence of impairment.

If financial assets have objective evidence that they are impaired, impairment losses should be measured and recognized.

Objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impaired includes observable data that comes to the attention of the holder of the asset about the following loss events:

 

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significant financial difficulty of the issuer or obligor

 

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a breach of contract, such as a default or delinquency in interest or principal payments;

 

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the lender, for economic or legal reasons relating to the borrower’s financial difficulty, granting to the borrower a concession that the lender would not otherwise consider

 

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it becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization

 

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the disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties

 

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observable data indicating that there is a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows from a group of financial assets since the initial recognition of those assets, although the decrease cannot yet be identified with the individual financial assets in the group.

i) Loans and receivables

The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists individually for loans and receivables that are individually significant, and individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant. If the Group determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset, whether significant or not, it includes the asset in a group of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment. Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognized are not included in a collective assessment of impairment.

If there is objective evidence that an impairment loss on loans and receivables has been incurred, the amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate (i.e., the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition).

If the interest rate of a loan or receivable is a floating rate, the discount rate used to evaluate impairment loss is the current effective interest rate defined in the loan agreement. The present value of estimated future cash flows of secured financial assets is calculated by including cash flows from collateral after deducting costs to acquire and sell the collateral.

In assessing collective impairment, the Group rates and classifies financial assets, based on credit risk assessment or credit rating assessment process that takes into account asset type, industry, regional location, collateral type, delinquency and other relative factors.

Future cash flow of financial assets applicable to collective impairment assessment is estimated by using statistical modeling of historical trends of the probability of default, timing of recoveries and the amount of loss incurred, adjusted for management’s judgment as to whether current economic and credit conditions are such that the impairment losses are likely to be greater or less than suggested by historical modeling. In adjusting the future cash flow by historical modeling, the result has to be in line with changes and trends of observable data. Methodologies and assumptions used to estimate future cash flow are evaluated on a regular basis in order to reduce any discrepancy between impairment loss estimation and actual loss.

Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss and reflected in an allowance account against loans and receivables. When a subsequent event causes the amount of impairment loss to decrease, and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognized, the decrease in impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss of the year.

ii) Available-for-sale financial assets

When a decline in the fair value of an available-for-sale financial asset has been recognized in other comprehensive income and there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired, the cumulative loss that had been recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment even though the financial asset has not been derecognized. Impairment losses recognized in profit or loss for an investment in an equity instrument classified as available-for-sale are not reversed through profit or loss. If, in a subsequent period, the fair value of a debt instrument classified as available-for-sale increases and the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss, the impairment loss is reversed, with the amount of the reversal recognized in profit or loss.

iii) Held-to-maturity financial assets

An impairment loss in respect of held-to-maturity financial assets measured at amortized cost is calculated as the difference between its carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at the asset’s original effective interest rate and is recognized in profit or loss. Interest on the impaired asset continues to be recognized through the unwinding of the discount. When a subsequent event causes the amount of impairment loss to decrease, the decrease in impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss.

 

(i)

Property and equipment

Property and equipment are initially measured at cost and after initial recognition, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. The cost of property and equipment includes expenditures arising directly from the construction or acquisition of the asset, any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management and the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

Items of property and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses.

The cost of replacing a part of an item of property or equipment is recognized in the carrying amount of the item if it is probable that the future economic benefits embodied within the part will flow to the Group and its cost can be measured reliably, where the carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. The cost of the day to day servicing of property and equipment are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.    

Property and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives, which most closely reflect the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset. Leased assets under finance lease are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives.

The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative years are as follows:

 

Descriptions		Depreciation method		Useful lives
Buildings		Straight-line		40 years
Other properties		Straight-line		4~5 years

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual value are reassessed at each fiscal year-end and any adjustment is accounted for as a change in accounting estimate.

 

(j)

Intangible assets

Intangible assets are measured initially at cost and, subsequently, are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.

Amortization of intangible assets except for goodwill is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible assets from the date that they are available for use. The residual value of intangible assets is zero. However, as there are no foreseeable limits to the periods over which club memberships are expected to be available for use, this intangible asset is determined as having indefinite useful lives and not amortized.

 

Descriptions		Useful lives
Software, capitalized development cost		5 years
Other intangible assets		5 years or contract periods

Amortization periods and the amortization methods for intangible assets with finite useful lives are reviewed at the end of each reporting period. The useful lives of intangible assets that are not being amortized are reviewed at the end of each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support indefinite useful life assessments for those assets. Changes are accounted for as changes in accounting estimates.

i) Research and development

Expenditures on research activities, undertaken with the prospect of gaining new technical knowledge and understanding, are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. Development expenditures are capitalized only if development costs can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, future economic benefits are probable, and the Group intends to and has sufficient resources to complete development and to use or sell the asset. Other development expenditures are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

ii) Subsequent expenditures

Subsequent expenditures are capitalized only when they increase the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which it relates. All other expenditures, including expenditures on internally generated goodwill and brands, are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

 

(k)

Investment property

Property held for the purpose of earning rentals or benefiting from capital appreciation is classified as investment property. Investment property is measured initially at its cost. Transaction costs are included in the initial measurement. Subsequently, investment property is carried at depreciated cost less any accumulated impairment losses.

The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative years are as follows:

 

Descriptions		Depreciation method		Useful lives
Buildings		Straight-line		40 years

 

(l)

Leased assets

i) Classification of a lease

The Group classifies and accounts for leases as either a finance or operating lease, depending on the terms. Leases where the lessee assumes substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

 

 

ii) Lessee

Under a finance lease, the lessee recognizes the leased asset and a liability for future lease payments. Upon initial recognition the leased asset is measured at an amount equal to the lower of its fair value and the present value of the minimum lease payments. Subsequent to initial recognition, the asset is accounted for in accordance with the accounting policy applicable to that asset.

Under an operating lease, the lessee recognizes the lease payments as expense over the lease term and does not recognize the leased asset in its statement of financial position.

iii) Lessor

Under a finance lease, the lessor recognizes a finance lease receivable. Over the lease term the lessor accrues interest income on the net investment. The receipts under the lease are allocated between reducing the net investment and recognizing finance income, so as to produce a constant rate of return on the net investment.

Under an operating lease, the lessor recognizes the lease payments as income over the lease term and the leased asset in its statement of financial position.

 

(m)

Assets held for sale

Non-current assets, or disposal groups comprising assets and liabilities, that are expected to be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use, are classified as held for sale. In order to be classified as held for sale, the asset (or disposal group) must be available for immediate sale in its present condition and its sale must be highly probable. The assets or disposal group that are classified as non-current assets held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less cost to sell.

The Group recognizes an impairment loss for any initial or subsequent write-down of an asset (or disposal group) to fair value less costs to sell, and a gain for any subsequent increase in fair value less costs to sell, up to the cumulative impairment loss previously recognized in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets.

An asset that is classified as held for sale or part of a disposal group classified as held for sale is not depreciated (or amortized).

 

(n)

Impairment of non-financial assets

The carrying amounts of the Group’s non-financial assets, other than assets arising from employee benefits, deferred tax assets and assets held for sale, are reviewed at the end of the reporting period to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated. Goodwill and intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives or that are not yet available for use, irrespective of whether there is any indication of impairment, are tested for impairment annually by comparing their recoverable amount to their carrying amount.

The Group estimates the recoverable amount of an individual asset. If it is impossible to measure the individual recoverable amount of an asset, then the Group estimates the recoverable amount of cash-generating unit (“CGU”). A CGU is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. The recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. The value in use is estimated by applying a pre-tax discount rate that reflect current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset or CGU for which estimated future cash flows have not been adjusted, to the estimated future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or CGU.

An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or a CGU exceeds its recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss.

Goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to each CGU that is expected to benefit from the synergies arising from the goodwill acquired. Any impairment identified at the CGU level will first reduce the carrying value of goodwill and then be used to reduce the carrying amount of the other assets in the CGU on a pro rata basis. Except for impairment losses in respect of goodwill which are never reversed, an impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.

 

(o)

Non-derivative financial liabilities

The Group classifies non-derivative financial liabilities into financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss or other financial liabilities in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangement and the definitions of financial liabilities. The Group recognizes financial liabilities in the consolidated statement of financial position when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the financial liability.

i) Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading or designated as such upon initial recognition. Subsequent to initial recognition, financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value, and changes therein are recognized in profit or loss. Upon initial recognition, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

The criteria for designation of financial liabilities at FVTPL upon initial recognition are the same as those of financial assets at FVTPL.

ii) Other financial liabilities

Non-derivative financial liabilities other than financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are classified as other financial liabilities. At the date of initial recognition, other financial liabilities are measured at fair value minus transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition. Subsequent to initial recognition, other financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

The Group derecognizes a financial liability from the consolidated statement of financial position when it is extinguished (i.e. when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expires).

 

 

(p)

Foreign currency

i) Foreign currency transactions

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated to the respective functional currencies of Group entities at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are retranslated to the functional currency at the exchange rate at that date. The foreign currency gain or loss on monetary items is the difference between amortized cost in the functional currency at the beginning of the period, adjusted for effective interest and payments during the period, and the amortized cost in foreign currency translated at the exchange rate at the end of the reporting period. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are measured at fair value are retranslated to the functional currency at the exchange rate at the date that the fair value is determined.

Foreign currency differences arising on translation are recognized in profit or loss, except for differences arising on the translation of available-for-sale equity instruments, a financial liability designated as a hedge of the net investment in a foreign operation (see iii) below), or in a qualifying cash flow hedge, which are recognized in other comprehensive income. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction.

ii) Foreign operations

If the presentation currency of the Group is different from a foreign operation’s functional currency, the financial statements of the foreign operation are translated into the presentation currency using the following methods:

The assets and liabilities of foreign operations, whose functional currency is not the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, are translated to presentation currency at exchange rates at the reporting date. The income and expenses of foreign operations are translated to functional currency at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign currency differences are recognized in other comprehensive income.

Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising on the acquisition of that foreign operation is treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation. Thus they are expressed in the functional currency of the foreign operation and translated at the closing rate.

When a foreign operation is disposed of, the relevant amount in the translation is transferred to profit or loss as part of the profit or loss on disposal. In any other partial disposal of a foreign operation, the relevant proportion is reclassified to profit or loss.

Foreign exchange gains or losses arising from a monetary item receivable from or payable to a foreign operation, the settlement of which is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future and which in substance is considered to form part of the net investment in the foreign operation, are recognized in other comprehensive income in the translation reserve.

iii) Net investment in a foreign operation

If the settlement of a monetary item receivable from or payable to a foreign operation is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future, then foreign currency difference arising on the item which in substance is considered to form part of the net investment in the foreign operation, are recognized in the other comprehensive income and shall be reclassified to profit or loss on disposal of the investment.

 

 

(q)

Equity

i) Capital stock

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of ordinary shares and share options are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects.

Preference share capital is classified as equity if it is non-redeemable, or redeemable only at the Group’s option, and any dividends are discretionary. Dividends thereon are recognized as distributions within equity upon approval by the Group’s shareholders.

Preference share capital is classified as a liability if it is redeemable on a specific date or at the option of the shareholders, or if dividend payments are not discretionary. Dividends thereon are recognized as interest expense in profit or loss as accrued.

ii) Hybrid bonds

The Group classifies issued financial instruments, or their component parts, as a financial liability or an equity instrument depending on the substance of the contractual arrangement of such financial instruments. Hybrid bonds where the Group has an unconditional right to avoid delivering cash or another financial asset to settle a contractual obligation are classified as equity instruments and presented in equity.

iii) Capital adjustments

Changes in ownership interests in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control, such as the subsequent purchase or sale by a parent of a subsidiary’s equity instruments, are accounted for as equity transactions in capital adjustments.

 

(r)

Employee benefits

i) Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits are employee benefits that are due to be settled within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service. When an employee has rendered service to the Group during an accounting period, the Group recognizes the undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service.

ii) Other long-term employee benefits

Other long-term employee benefits include employee benefits that are settled beyond 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service, and are calculated at the present value of the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods, less the fair value of any related assets. The present value is determined by discounting the expected future cash flows using the interest rate of corporate bonds that have maturity dates approximating the terms of the Group’s obligations and that are denominated in the same currency in which the benefits are expected to be paid. Any actuarial gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.

 

 

iii) Retirement benefits: defined contribution plans

When an employee has rendered service to the Group during a period, the Group recognizes the contribution payable to a defined contribution plan in exchange for that service as a liability (accrued expense), after deducting any contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for service before the end of the reporting period, the Group recognizes that excess as an asset (prepaid expense) to the extent that the prepayment will lead to a reduction in future payments or a cash refund.

iv) Retirement benefits: defined benefit plans

A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The Group’s net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value. The fair value of plan assets is deducted. The calculation is performed annually by an independent actuary using the projected unit credit method.

Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognized immediately in other comprehensive income. The Group determines the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then-net defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognized in personnel expenses in profit or loss.

The discount rate is the yield at the reporting date on high-quality corporate bonds that have maturity dates approximating the terms of the Group’s obligations and that are denominated in the same currency in which the benefits are expected to be paid. The Group recognizes service cost and net interest on the net defined benefit liability (asset) in profit or loss and remeasurement of the net defined benefit liability (asset) in other comprehensive income.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognized immediately in profit or loss. The Group recognizes gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

v) Termination benefits

Termination benefits are recognized as an expense when the Group is committed demonstrably, without realistic possibility of withdrawal, to a formal detailed plan to either terminate employment before the normal retirement date, or to provide termination benefits as a result of an offer made to encourage voluntary redundancy. Termination benefits for voluntary redundancies are recognized as an expense if the Group has made an offer of voluntary redundancy, it is probable that the offer will be accepted, and the number of acceptances can be estimated reliably. If benefits are payable more than 12 months after the reporting period, then they are discounted to their present value.

 

(s)

Share-based payment transactions

The grant date fair value of share-based payment awards granted to employees is recognized as an employee expense, with a corresponding increase in equity, over the period that the employees unconditionally become entitled to the awards. The amount recognized as an expense is adjusted to reflect the number of awards for which the related service and non-market vesting conditions are expected to be met, such that the amount ultimately recognized as an expense is based on the number of awards that do meet the related service and non-market performance conditions at the vesting date. For share-based payment awards with non-vesting conditions, the grant date fair value of the share-based payment is measured to reflect such conditions and there is no true-up for differences between expected and actual outcomes.

The fair value of the amount payable to employees in respect of share appreciation rights, which are settled in cash, is recognized as an expense with a corresponding increase in liabilities, over the period that the employees unconditionally become entitled to payment. The liability is remeasured at each reporting date and at settlement date. Any changes in the fair value of the liability are recognized as personnel expense in profit or loss.

 

(t)

Provisions

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation.

The risks and uncertainties that inevitably surround many events and circumstances are taken into account in reaching the best estimate of a provision. Where the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are determined at the present value of the expected future cash flows.

Provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, the provision is reversed.

Provision shall be used only for expenditures for which the provision was originally recognized.

 

(u)

Financial guarantee contract

A financial guarantee contract is a contract that requires the issuer (the Group) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payments when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument.

Financial guarantee contracts are initially measured at their fair values and, if not designated as at fair value through profit or loss, are subsequently measured at the higher of:

 

•

The amount determined in accordance with IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and

 

•

The initial amount recognized, less, when appropriate, cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18. Revenue

 

(v)

Insurance contracts

Insurance contracts are defined as “a contract under which one party (the insurer) accepts significant insurance risk from another party by agreeing to compensate the policyholder if a specified uncertain future event adversely affects the policyholder”. A contract that qualifies as an insurance contract remains an insurance contract until all rights and obligations are extinguished or expire. Such a contract that does not contain significant insurance risk is classified as an investment contract and is within the scope of IAS 39, Financial Instruments, Recognition and Measurement to the extent that it gives rise to a financial asset or financial liability, except if the investment contract contains a Discretionary Participation Features (“DPF”). If the contract has a DPF, the contract is subject to IFRS 4, Insurance Contracts.

i) Reserves for insurance contracts

The Group accounts for insurance contracts based on the Insurance Business Law and other related Insurance Supervisory Regulation. These insurance contracts are calculated based on insurance terms, premium and policy reserves approved by the Financial Supervisory Commission, as follows:

 

•

Premium reserve – Premium reserve is a liability to prepare for the future claims on the valid contracts. Premium reserve is calculated by deducting discounted net premium from the discounted claims expected to be paid in the future period.

 

•

Unearned premium reserve – Unearned premium reserve represents the portion of premiums written which is applicable to the unexpired portion of policies in force.

 

•

Guarantee reserve – At the end of reporting period, the Group is required to make reserve on the outstanding insurance contracts to guarantee a certain level of benefit payments for the amount equal to the average amount of net losses of the worst 30% of cases forecasted by scenarios or the standard reserve amount, as defined by Financial Supervisory Service, by insurance type and the lowest insured amount, whichever is greater.

 

•

Reserve for outstanding claims – Reserve for outstanding claims is an estimate of loss for insured events that have occurred prior to the date of the statement of financial position but for which a fixed value cannot be determined, which includes the following:

 

•

Estimated amount: The expenses to be incurred in the course of settlement of the insured event, such as lawsuit or arbitration (if partial amount is settled, the remainder is recognized)

 

•

Reserve for ineffective contracts: Reserve for ineffective contracts due to default in premium payment (Partial amount of surrender value)

 

•

Unpaid claims: The amount of claims, surrender value and dividend to be paid is determined but not paid yet

 

•

IBNR (Incurred But Not Reported): Estimated amount using a statistical method considering the company’s experience rate

 

•

Reserve for participating policyholder’s dividend – In accordance with regulations and policy terms, reserves for participating policyholder’s dividend are provided for dividend to be paid to the policyholders and comprise the current reserve for policyholder’s dividend and the future reserve for policyholder’s dividend. The current reserve for policyholder’s dividend is the fixed payable dividend amount declared but not paid at the end of the reporting period and the future reserve for policyholder’s dividend is the calculated policyholder’s dividend amount factoring in estimated policy termination rates for the valid insurance policy as at the end of the reporting period.

ii) Policyholders’ equity adjustment

At year end, unrealized holding gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are allocated to policyholders’ equity adjustment by the ratio of the average policy reserve of the participating and non-participating contracts or the ratio of the investment source at the new acquisition year based on the date of acquisition.

 

iii) Liability adequacy test (the “LAT”)

Liability adequacy tests are performed by the Group in order to ensure the adequacy of the contract liabilities, net of related deferred acquisition costs and deferred policyholders’ participation liability or asset.

iv) Reinsurance contracts

According to IFRS 4, “Insurance Contracts”, the Group does not offset:

1) reinsurance assets against the related insurance liabilities; or

2) income or expense from reinsurance contracts against the expense or income from the related insurance contracts.

If reinsurance assets are determined to be impaired, impairment loss is recognized in the profit and loss for the current period.

v) Deferred acquisition costs (the “DAC”)

Policy acquisition costs, which include commissions, certain direct and incremental underwriting and agency expenses associated with acquiring insurance policies, are deferred and amortized using the straight-line method over the contract year, up to seven years. Actual acquisition costs incurred in excess of estimated acquisition costs are expensed.

 

(w)

Financial income and expense

i) Interest

Interest income and expense are recognized in profit or loss using the effective interest method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments and receipts through the expected life of the financial asset or liability (or, where appropriate, a shorter year) to the carrying amount of the financial asset or liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Group estimates future cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument, but not future credit losses.

The calculation of the effective interest rate includes all fees and points paid or received that are an integral part of the effective interest rate. Transaction costs include incremental costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of a financial asset or liability.

Once an impairment loss has been recognized on a loan, although the accrual of interest in accordance with the contractual terms of the instrument is discontinued, interest income is recognized at the rate of interest that was used to discount estimated future cash flows for the purpose of measuring the impairment loss.

ii) Fees and commission

Fees and commission income and expense that are integral to the effective interest rate on a financial asset or liability are included in the measurement of the effective interest rate.

 

Fees and commission income, including account servicing fees, investment management fees, sales commission, placement fees and syndication fees, are recognized as the related services are performed. When a loan commitment is not expected to result in the draw-down of a loan, the related loan commitment fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over the commitment period.

Fees and commission expense relate mainly to transaction and service fees, which are expensed as the services are received.

iii) Insurance Income

The Group recognizes insurance income for the insurance premium paid of which the payment date arrived by the premium payment methods of the insurance contract; and recognizes advance receipts for the insurance premium paid of which the payment date has not arrived at the end of the reporting period.

iv) Dividends

Dividend income is recognized when the right to receive income is established.

 

(x)

Customer loyalty program

For customer loyalty programmes, the fair value of the consideration received or receivable in respect of the initial sale is allocated between award credits (“points”) and other components of the fee and commission income. The Group provides awards, in the form of price discounts and by offering a variety of gifts. The fair value allocated to the points is estimated by reference to the fair value of the monetary and/or non-monetary benefits for which they could be redeemed. The fair value of the benefits is estimated taking into account the expected redemption rate and the timing of such expected redemptions. Such amount is deferred and recognized as unearned revenue. Unearned revenue is recognized only when the points are redeemed and the Group has fulfilled its obligations to provide the benefits. The amount of revenue recognized in those circumstances is based on the number of points that have been redeemed in exchange for benefits, relative to the total number of points that are expected to be redeemed.

A provision for onerous contracts is recognized when the expected benefits to be derived by the Group from customer loyalty programmes are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the programmes.

 

(y)

Income tax

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Current tax and deferred tax are recognized in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination, or items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income.

i) Current tax

Current tax is the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable profit or loss for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. The taxable profit is different from the accounting profit for the period since the taxable profit is calculated excluding the temporary differences, which will be taxable or deductible in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods, and non-taxable or non-deductible items from the accounting profit.

 

 

ii) Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognized, using the asset-liability method, in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. A deferred tax liability is recognized for all taxable temporary differences. A deferred tax asset is recognized for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which they can be utilized. However, deferred tax is not recognized for the following temporary differences: taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill, or the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting profit or loss nor taxable income.

The Group files its national income tax return with the Korean tax authorities under the consolidated corporate tax system, which allows it to make national income tax payments based on the combined profits or losses of the Controlling Company and its wholly owned domestic subsidiaries. Deferred taxes are measured based on the future tax benefits expected to be realized in consideration of the expected combined profits or losses of eligible companies in accordance with the consolidated corporate tax system. Consolidated corporate tax amounts, once determined, are allocated to each of the subsidiaries and are used as a basis for the income taxes to be recorded in their separate financial statements.

The Group recognizes a deferred tax liability for all taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates, and interests in joint ventures, except to the extent that the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. The Group recognizes a deferred tax asset for all deductible temporary differences arising from investments in subsidiaries and associates, to the extent that it is probable that the temporary difference will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary difference can be utilized.

The carrying amount of a deferred tax asset is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduces the carrying amount to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow the benefit of part or all of that deferred tax asset to be utilized.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Group expects, at the end of the reporting period to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only if the Group has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities, and the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either: the same taxable entity; or different taxable entities which intend either to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.

 

(z)

Accounting for trust accounts

The Group accounts for trust accounts separately from its group accounts under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and thus the trust accounts are not included in the consolidated financial statements except Guaranteed Fixed Rate Money Trusts controlled by the Group, based on an evaluation of the substance of its relationship with the Group and the SPE’s risks and rewards. Funds transferred between Group account and trust accounts are recognized as borrowings from trust accounts in other liabilities with fees for managing the accounts recognized as non-interest income by the Group.

 

(aa)

Earnings per share

The Group presents basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) data for its ordinary shares. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the profit or loss attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Group by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for own shares held. Diluted EPS is determined by adjusting the profit or loss attributable to ordinary shareholders and the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, adjusted for own shares held, for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares, which comprise convertible notes and share options granted to employees.

 

(ab)

New standards and interpretations not yet adopted

The following new standards and amendments to existing standards have been published and are mandatory for the Group to adopt for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, and the Group has not early adopted them.

i) IFRS 9, Financial Instruments

IFRS 9, Financial Instruments which was published on September 25, 2015, is effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. IFRS 9 will replace the current IAS 39, Financial Instruments: recognition and measurement. The Group plans to adopt IFRS 9 for the year beginning on January 1, 2018 and will recognize the accumulated effect resulting from initial application of IFRS 9 on the date of initial application, which is January 1, 2018.

IFRS 9 will generally be applied retrospectively; however, the Group plans to take advantage of the exemption allowing it not to restate the comparative information for prior periods with respect to classification and measurement (including impairment) changes. For hedge accounting, the new standard will be applied prospectively except for certain cases such as accounting for the time value of options.

Main characteristics of IFRS 9 are the followings; 1) classification and measurement of financial instruments based on characteristics of contractual cash flows and business model for financial instrument management, 2) impairment model based on expected credit losses, and 3) expanded scope of hedged items and hedging instruments which qualify for hedge accounting and changes in assessment method for effect of hedging relationships.

For the application of IFRS 9, the Group implemented changes in its accounting processes and internal controls related to financial instruments. The Group assessed the potential financial impact of the initial adoption of IFRS 9 based on the circumstances and available information as of December 31, 2017 as follows:

 

1)

Classification and measurement of financial assets

The Group classifies financial assets as subsequently measured at amortized cost, fair value through other comprehensive income or fair value through profit or loss on the basis of both the Group’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial assets as shown in the below table when the new standard IFRS 9 is adopted. Furthermore, if a hybrid contract contains a host that is an asset within the scope of this standard, an embedded derivative shall not be separated from the host and the hybrid contract is accounted as a financial asset.

 

 

(*1)

The Group may irrevocably designate a financial asset as measured at fair value through profit or loss to eliminate or significantly reduce accounting mismatch.

(*2)

The Group may make an irrevocable election for equity instruments that are not held for trading as measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.

As there are additional requirements for a financial asset to be classified as measured at amortized costs or at fair value through other comprehensive income under IFRS 9 compared to the existing IAS 39, the adoption of IFRS 9 would potentially increase the proportion of financial assets that are measured at fair value through profit or loss, increasing volatility in the Group’s profit or loss.

 

 

The expected impacts on the classification and measurement of financial assets as of December 31, 2017 based on the information from the revised accounting system are as follows:

 

Classification by						Amount by
IAS 39				IFRS 9		IAS 39 (*1)				IFRS 9 (*1)
Due from banks		Loans and receivables		FVPL		W	902,124				833,942
				AC			19,988,001				19,988,001
Loans		Loans and receivables		FVPL			750,342				778,985
				AC			277,126,028				277,126,028
Other financial assets		Loans and receivables		AC			12,090,983				12,090,983
Trading assets (debt securities)		Fair value through profit or loss		FVPL			23,451,755				23,451,755
Trading assets (equity securities)		Fair value through profit or loss		FVPL			4,823,244				4,823,244
Trading assets (gold deposits)		Fair value through profit or loss		FVPL			189,297				189,297
Fair value through profit or loss (debt securities)		Fair value through profit or loss		FVPL			2,030,522				2,030,522
				Designated at FVPL			80,288				80,288
Fair value through profit or loss (equity securities)		Fair value through profit or loss		FVPL			1,162,553				1,162,553
				Designated at FVPL			71,803				71,803
Fair value through profit or loss (hybrid financial assets)		Fair value through profit or loss		FVPL			233,892				233,892
Available-for-sale (debt securities)		Available-for-sale		FVPL			528,745				533,452
				FVOCI			36,657,807				36,657,807
Available-for-sale (equity securities)		Available-for-sale		FVPL			4,339,979				4,350,969
				FVOCI			590,405				590,405
Held-to-maturity (debt securities)		Held-to-maturity		FVPL			565,813				529,906
				AC			24,424,867				24,424,867
Total						W	410,008,448				409,948,699

 

(*1)

Allowance for credit losses was excluded in the carrying amount.

(*2)

Based on IFRS 4, the Group applies the overlay approach method for financial assets related to insurance contract (Due from banks in the amount of W902,124 millions, Available-for-sale (equity security) in the amount of W1,972,577 millions, Available-for-sale (debt security) in the amount of W400,978 millions, Held-to-maturity in the amount of W565,813 millions).

Upon adoption of IFRS 9, the Group expects to make reclassification adjustments between profit or loss and other comprehensive income on the date of initial application an amount which is equal to the difference between i) the amount reported in profit or loss for the designated financial assets applying IFRS 9; and ii) the amount that would have been reported in profit or loss for the designated financial assets if the insurer had applied IAS 39.

Based on management’s evaluation to date, upon adoption of IFRS 9 as of January 1, 2018, financial assets amounting to W2,142,833 million among the loans and receivables and held-to-maturity securities, W4,884,421 million among the available-for-sale securities are expected to be classified as assets measured at fair value through profit or loss. The portion of assets measured at fair value through profit or loss increases to 9.53% under IFRS 9 as of January 1, 2018 from 7.82% under IAS 39 as of December 31, 2017; and the volatility of profit or loss is expected to increase due to the changes in the fair value of financial assets.

 

2)

Classification and measurement of financial liabilities

In accordance with the new standard IFRS 9, the amount of change in the fair value of the financial liability designated as measured at fair value through profit or loss that is attributable to changes in the credit risk of that liability will be presented in other comprehensive income, not profit or loss. Amounts presented in other comprehensive income shall not be subsequently transferred to profit or loss. However, when the treatment of the effects of changes in the liability’s credit risk would create or enlarge an accounting mismatch, the related change in the fair value can be presented in profit or loss.

As some portion of the changes in fair value of the financial liability that is designated at fair value through profit or loss, which was recognized as profit or loss under IAS 39, will be presented as other comprehensive income, the profit or loss related to fair value of financial liability may decrease.

The Group designated liabilities amounting to W8,297,609 million from the total financial liabilities of W362,185,727 million as measured at fair value through profit or loss as of December 31, 2017. On the date of initial application of IFRS 9, the loss recorded in opening retained earnings amounting to W100,685 million for these financial liabilities will be changed by W2,141 million related to the change in fair value as a result of change in credit risk of the financial liabilities.

 

3)

Impairment: Financial assets and contract assets

Under the current standard IAS 39, impairment is recognized based on incurred loss model only when there is an objective evidence of impairment. However, under the new standard IFRS 9, impairment is recognized based on expected credit loss impairment model for the debt instruments, lease receivable, contract assets, loan commitments, and financial guarantee contracts measured at amortized cost or financial assets that are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.

Unlike the current standard IAS 39 which is based on incurred loss model, credit losses may be recognized earlier under IFRS 9. As shown below, this standard requires to measure the amount for loss allowance in 3 stages based on the 12-month expected credit losses or lifetime expected credit losses depending on the degree of increase in credit risk of the financial assets since initial recognition.

 

Stages				Loss allowance
Stage 1		Credit risk has not increased significantly since initial recognition (*1)		12-month expected credit losses: the expected credit losses that result from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within the 12 months after the reporting date.
Stage 2		Credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition		Lifetime expected credit losses: the expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument.
Stage 3		Credit-impaired

 

(*1)

The Group may assume that the credit risk on a financial instrument has not increased significantly since initial recognition if the credit risk is low at the reporting date.

 

 

According to IFRS 9, the Group will only recognize the cumulative changes in lifetime expected credit losses since initial recognition as a loss allowance for financial assets impaired at its initial recognition.

Under IFRS 9, the Group will apply the simplified approach for which the Group will consider a debt security to have low credit risk when its credit risk rating is equivalent to the definition of ‘investment-grade’.

Based on management’s evaluation to date using the information from the revised accounting system as of December 31, 2017, the expected impacts on the allowance for loan losses are as follows:

 

 

4)

Hedge accounting

New standard IFRS 9 retains the mechanics of hedge accounting (fair value hedge, cash flow hedge, and hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation) of current standard IAS 39. However, this standard mitigated IAS 39 by amending the complex and rule-based requirements related to hedge accounting under IAS 39 to principle-based requirements to align hedge accounting more closely with risk management. Furthermore, this standard expanded the eligible hedged items and the hedging instruments and eased the requirement for the hedge accounting by removing quantitative threshold (80~125%) and changing hedge effectiveness test method.

When applying hedge accounting under IFRS 9, the hedge accounting can be applied to certain transactions that do not meet the requirements for hedge accounting under IAS 39 and volatility of the profit or loss can be decreased.

 

The Group will adopt IFRS 9 hedge accounting requirements and plans to apply hedge accounting for the risk management activities if the hedge accounting requirements can be met.

As December 31, 2017, no hedge accounting is applied under IFRS 9 for risk management activities for which no hedge accounting has been applied under the existing IAS 39.

ii) IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers

IFRS 15, published on November 6, 2015, is a new accounting standard about revenue recognition, is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with earlier application permitted.

It replaces existing revenue recognition standards, including IAS 18, ‘Revenue’, IAS 11, ‘Construction Contracts’, SIC-31, ‘Revenue-Barter Transactions Involving Advertising Services’, IFRIC 13, ‘Customer Loyalty Programmes’. IFRIC 15, ’Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate’ and IFRIC 18, ‘Transfers of Assets from Customers’.

The Group adopts IFRS 15 from January 1, 2018 using the cumulative effect method and the effect of initially applying this standard is recognized at the date of initial application (i.e. January 1, 2018). As a result, the Group will not apply the requirements of IFRS 15 to the comparative period presented.

The existing standards suggest revenue recognition guidance by type of transactions such as sale of goods, rendering of services, interest revenue, royalty revenue, dividends revenue and construction contracts. However, according to IFRS 15, all types of contracts recognize revenue through five-step revenue recognition model (① ‘Identifying the contract’ g ② ‘Identifying performance obligations’ g ③ ‘Determining the transaction price’ g ④ ‘Allocating the transaction price to performance obligations’ g ⑤ ‘Recognizing the revenue by satisfying performance obligations’).

Since the second half of 2017, the Group has formed a separate Task Force Team to prepare for the adoption of IFRS 15 and set up the relating accounting policies and processes. The Group assessed the impact of the new standard by evaluating contracts, identifying relating performance obligations, determining when the performance obligations were met to recognize revenue and assessing the revenue amount to be recognized. As a result of the assessment, there are no significant impacts from the adoption of IFRS 15 in relation to the timing of when the Group recognizes or when revenue should be recognized gross as a principal or net as an agent.

iii) Amendments to IFRS 2 Classification and Measurement of Share-based Payment Transactions

The amendments clarified that measuring cash-settled share-based payment should reflect the vesting conditions and non-vesting conditions like measuring equity-settled share-based payment; and the case where share-based payment transactions with a net settlement feature for withholding tax obligations should be classified as equity-settled share-based payments. This amendments are effective for annual reporting period beginning on or after January 1, 2018 and the Group does not expect the amendments have significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

iv) IFRS 16, Leases

IFRS 16, ‘Leases’ which was published on May 25, 2017, is effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. IFRS 16 will replace the current IAS 17, ‘Leases’, IFRIC 4, ‘Determining whether an Arrangement Contains a Lease’. Companies applying the IFRS 15 ‘Revenue from Contracts with Customers’ can adopt IFRS 16 early.

 

The Group classifies whether the contract itself is a lease or the contract involves a lease at the point of lease commencement date and distinguishes whether the contract itself is a lease or the contract involves a lease based on IFRS 16. However, the Group may choose as its accounting policy not to reassess all the contracts before the date of initial application, as a practical expedient.

IFRS 16 ‘Lease’ presents that a lessee may elect not to separate non-lease components from lease components, and instead, account for each lease component and any associated non-lease components as a single lease component, as a practical expedient. The lessee is required to recognize the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities representing the right to occupy the underlying assets and the duty to make lease payments, respectively. However, as the cases of short-term lease and the low value assets the exemption is applicable. The accounting for lessor has not significantly changed from the current IAS 17. The Group is in the process of evaluating whether there will be a significant impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements due to the adoption of IFRS 16.