| 2) | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES |
| 2.1) | BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND DISCLOSURE |
The consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, were prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).
Presentation currency and definition of terms
The presentation currency of the consolidated financial statements is the Mexican peso, currency in which the Company reports periodically to the MSE. When reference is made to pesos or “Ps” it means Mexican pesos. The amounts in the financial statements and the accompanying notes are stated in millions, except when references are made to earnings per share and/or prices per share. When reference is made to “US$” or “dollars”, it means dollars of the United States of America (“United States”). When reference is made to “€” or “euros,” it means the currency in circulation in a significant number of European Union (“EU”) countries. When reference is made to “£” or “pounds”, it means British pounds sterling. When it is deemed relevant, certain amounts in foreign currency presented in the notes to the financial statements include between parentheses a convenience translation into dollars and/or into pesos, as applicable. Previously reported convenience translations of prior years are not restated unless the transaction is still outstanding, in which case those are restated using the closing exchange rates as of the reporting date. These translations should not be construed as representations that the amounts in pesos or dollars, as applicable, actually represent those peso or dollar amounts or could be converted into pesos or dollars at the rate indicated. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, translations of pesos into dollars and dollars into pesos, were determined for statement of financial position amounts using the closing exchange rates of Ps19.65 and Ps20.72 pesos per dollar, respectively, and for statements of operations amounts, using the average exchange rates of Ps18.88, Ps18.72 and Ps15.98 pesos per dollar for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. When the amounts between parentheses are the peso and the dollar, the amounts were determined by translating the euro amount into dollars using the closing exchange rates at year-end and then translating the dollars into pesos as previously described.
Amounts disclosed in the notes in connection with tax or legal proceedings (notes 19.4 and 24), which are originated in jurisdictions which currencies are different to the peso or the dollar, are presented in dollar equivalents as of the closing of the most recent year presented. Consequently, without any change in the original currency, such dollar amounts will fluctuate over time due to changes in exchange rates.
Discontinued operations
On April 5, 2017, in connection with the agreements entered into between CEMEX and Duna-Dráva Cement in August 2015 for the sale of CEMEX’s operations in Croatia, including assets in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia, (jointly the “Croatian Operations”), the European Commission issued a decision that ultimately did not allow Duna-Dráva Cement to purchase the aforementioned operations. Consequently, the transaction was not concluded and CEMEX decided to maintain its Croatian Operations and continue to operate them for indefinite time. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Croatian Operations are consolidated line-by-line in the financial statements. The accompyning comparative financial statements including their notes for prior periods, in which CEMEX previously reported the Croatian Operations as “Discontinued Operations” and “Assets held for sale” have been re-presented in order to present the Croatian Operations as part of continuing operations. The Croatian Operations mainly consist of three cement plants with aggregate annual production capacity of approximately 2.4 million tons of cement, two aggregates quarries and seven ready-mix plants (note 4.2).
In addition, considering the disposal of entire reportable operating segments, CEMEX presents in the single line item of discontinued operations, the results of: a) its Pacific Northwest Materials Business operations in the United States sold on June 30, 2017; b) its Concrete Pipe Business operations in the United States sold on January 31, 2017; c) its operations in Bangladesh and Thailand sold on May 26, 2016; and d) its operations in Austria and Hungary sold on October 31, 2015 (note 4.2).
Discontinued operations are presented net of income tax.
Income statements
CEMEX includes the line item titled “Operating earnings before other expenses, net” considering that it is a relevant measure for CEMEX’s management as explained in note 4.4. Under IFRS, the inclusion of certain subtotals such as “Operating earnings before other expenses, net” and the display of the statement of operations vary significantly by industry and company according to specific needs. The line item “Other expenses, net” consists primarily of revenues and expenses not directly related to CEMEX’s main activities, or which are of an unusual and/or non-recurring nature, including impairment losses of long-lived assets, results on disposal of assets and restructuring costs and others (note 6).
Statements of cash flows
The statements of cash flows exclude the following transactions that did not represent sources or uses of cash:
| • | In 2017, 2016 and 2015, the increases in common stock and additional paid-in capital associated with: (i) the capitalization of retained earnings for Ps9,464, Ps6,970 and Ps7,617, respectively (note 20.1); and (ii) CPOs issued as part of the executive share-based compensation programs for Ps817, Ps742 and Ps655, respectively (note 20.1); |
| • | In 2017, 2016 and 2015, the increases in property, plant and equipment for Ps2,096, Ps7 and Ps63, respectively, associated with the finance leases during the year (note 14); |
| • | In 2017, the decrease in debt for Ps5,468, the net decrease in other equity reserves for Ps1,334, the increase in common stock for Ps4 and the increase in additional paid-in capital for Ps7,059, in connection with the early conversion of part of the 2018 optional convertible subordinated notes, which involved, the early conversion of optional convertible subordinated notes due in 2018. In addition, in 2015, the decrease in debt for Ps4,517, the net decrease in other equity reserves for Ps934, the increase in common stock for Ps3 and the increase in additional paid-in capital for Ps5,982, in connection with the issuance of optional convertible subordinated notes due in 2020, which involved, the exchange and early conversion of optional convertible subordinated notes due in 2016. These transactions involved the issuance of approximately 43 million ADSs in 2017 and 42 million ADSs in 2015 (note 16.2); |
| • | In 2016, the increase in debt and in other current accounts receivable for Ps148, in connection with a guarantee signed by CEMEX Colombia, S.A. (“CEMEX Colombia”) over the debt of a trust committed to the development of housing projects in Colombia and the related beneficial interest that in turn holds CEMEX Colombia in the assets of such trust, which are comprised by land; and |
| • | In 2015, the decrease in other current and non-current liabilities and in deferred tax assets in connection with changes in the tax legislation in Mexico effective as of December 31, 2015 (note 19.4). |
| 2.2) | PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION |
The consolidated financial statements include those of CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. and those of the entities in which the Parent Company exercises control, including structured entities (special purposes entities), by means of which the Parent Company is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee, and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee’s relevant activities. Balances and operations between related parties are eliminated in consolidation.
Investments are accounted for by the equity method when CEMEX has significant influence which is generally presumed with a minimum equity interest of 20%. The equity method reflects in the financial statements, the investee’s original cost and CEMEX’s share of the investee’s equity and earnings after acquisition. The financial statements of joint ventures, which relate to those arrangements in which CEMEX and other third-party investors have joint control and have rights to the net assets of the arrangements, are recognized under the equity method. During the reported periods, CEMEX did not have joint operations, referring to those cases in which the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights over specific assets and obligations for specific liabilities relating to the arrangements. The equity method is discontinued when the carrying amount of the investment, including any long-term interest in the investee or joint venture, is reduced to zero, unless CEMEX has incurred or guaranteed additional obligations of the investee or joint venture.
Other permanent investments where CEMEX holds equity interests of less than 20% and/or there is no significant influence are carried at their historical cost.
| 2.3) | USE OF ESTIMATES AND CRITICAL ASSUMPTIONS |
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements; as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. These assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis using available information. Actual results could differ from these estimates. The items subject to significant estimates and assumptions by management include impairment tests of long-lived assets, recognition of deferred income tax assets, as well as the measurement of financial instruments at fair value, and the assets and liabilities related to employee benefits. Significant judgment is required by management to appropriately assess the amounts of these concepts.
| 2.4) | FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS AND TRANSLATION OF FOREIGN CURRENCY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are recorded in the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing on the dates of their execution. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the statement of financial position date, and the resulting foreign exchange fluctuations are recognized in earnings, except for exchange fluctuations arising from: 1) foreign currency indebtedness associated with the acquisition of foreign entities; and 2) fluctuations associated with related parties’ balances denominated in foreign currency, which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future and as a result, such balances are of a permanent investment nature. These fluctuations are recorded against “Other equity reserves”, as part of the foreign currency translation adjustment (note 20.2) until the disposal of the foreign net investment, at which time, the accumulated amount is recycled through the statement of operations as part of the gain or loss on disposal.
The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries, as determined using their respective functional currency, are translated to pesos at the closing exchange rate for statement of financial position accounts and at the closing exchange rates of each month within the period for statements of operations accounts. The functional currency is that in which each consolidated entity primarily generates and expends cash. The corresponding translation effect is included within “Other equity reserves” and is presented in the statement of other comprehensive income for the period as part of the foreign currency translation adjustment (note 20.2) until the disposal of the net investment in the foreign subsidiary.
Considering its integrated activities, for purposes of functional currency, the Parent Company is considered to have two divisions, one related with its financial and holding company activities, in which the functional currency is the dollar for all assets, liabilities and transactions associated with these activities, and another division related with the Parent Company’s operating activities in Mexico, in which the functional currency is the peso for all assets, liabilities and transactions associated with these activities.
During the reported periods, there were no subsidiaries whose functional currency was the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, which is generally considered to exist when the cumulative inflation rate over the last three years is approaching, or exceeds, 100%. In a hyperinflationary economy, the accounts of the subsidiary’s statements of operations should be restated to constant amounts as of the reporting date, in which case, both the statement of financial position accounts and the income statement accounts would be translated to pesos at the closing exchange rates of the year.
The most significant closing exchange rates and the approximate average exchange rates for statement of financial position accounts and statement of operations accounts as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, were as follows:
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency | Closing | Average | Closing | Average | Closing | Average | ||||||||||||||||||
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Dollar |
19.6500 | 18.8800 | 20.7200 | 18.7200 | 17.2300 | 15.9800 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Euro |
23.5866 | 21.4122 | 21.7945 | 20.6564 | 18.7181 | 17.6041 | ||||||||||||||||||
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British Pound Sterling |
26.5361 | 24.4977 | 25.5361 | 25.0731 | 25.4130 | 24.3638 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Colombian Peso |
0.0066 | 0.0064 | 0.0069 | 0.0062 | 0.0055 | 0.0058 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Egyptian Pound |
1.1082 | 1.0620 | 1.1234 | 1.8261 | 2.2036 | 2.0670 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Philippine Peso |
0.3936 | 0.3747 | 0.4167 | 0.3927 | 0.3661 | 0.3504 | ||||||||||||||||||
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The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries are initially translated from their functional currencies into dollars and subsequently into pesos. Therefore, the foreign exchange rates presented in the table above between the functional currency and the peso represent the implied exchange rates resulting from this methodology. The peso to U.S. dollar exchange rate used by CEMEX is an average of free market rates available to settle its foreign currency transactions. No significant differences exist, in any case, between the foreign exchange rates used by CEMEX and those exchange rates published by the Mexican Central Bank.
| 2.5) | CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (note 8) |
The balance in this caption is comprised of available amounts of cash and cash equivalents, mainly represented by highly-liquid short-term investments, which are readily convertible into known amounts of cash, and which are not subject to significant risks of changes in their values, including overnight investments, which yield fixed returns and have maturities of less than three months from the investment date. These fixed-income investments are recorded at cost plus accrued interest. Accrued interest is included in the income statement as part of “Financial income and other items, net.”
The amount of cash and cash equivalents in the statement of financial position includes restricted cash and investments, comprised of deposits in margin accounts that guarantee certain of CEMEX’s obligations, to the extent that the restriction will be lifted in less than three months from the statement of financial position reporting date. When the restriction period is greater than three months, such restricted cash and investments are not considered cash equivalents and are included within short-term or long-term “Other accounts receivable,” as appropriate. When contracts contain provisions for net settlement, these restricted amounts of cash and cash equivalents are offset against the liabilities that CEMEX has with its counterparties.
| 2.6) | FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS |
Beginning January 1, 2018, IFRS 9, Financial Instruments: classification and measurement is effective, see note 2.20. Until December 31, 2017, CEMEX’s policy for the recognition of financial instruments is set forth below:
Trade accounts receivable and other accounts receivable (notes 9 and 10)
Instruments under these captions are classified as loans and receivables and are recorded at their amortized cost representing the net present value (“NPV”) of the consideration receivable or payable as of the transaction date. Due to their short-term nature, CEMEX initially recognizes these receivables at the original invoiced amount less an estimate of doubtful accounts. Allowances for doubtful accounts were recognized based on incurred loss estimates against administrative and selling expenses.
Trade receivables sold under securitization programs, in which certain residual interest in the trade receivables sold in case of recovery failure and continued involvement in such assets is maintained, do not qualify for derecognition and are maintained on the statement of financial position.
Other investments and non-current accounts receivable (note 13.2)
As part also of loans and receivables, non-current accounts receivable and investments classified as held to maturity are initially recognized at their amortized cost. Subsequent changes in NPV are recognized in the income statement as part of “Financial income and other items, net”.
Investments in financial instruments held for trading, as well as those investments available for sale, are recognized at their estimated fair value, in the first case through the income statement as part of “Financial income and other items, net,” and in the second case, changes in valuation are recognized as part of “Other comprehensive income” for the period within “Other equity reserves” until their time of disposition, when all valuation effects accrued in equity are reclassified to “Financial income and other items, net,” in the income statement. These investments are tested for impairment upon the occurrence of a significant adverse change or at least once a year during the last quarter.
Debt and other financial obligations (notes 16.1 and 16.2)
Bank loans and notes payable are recognized at their amortized cost. Interest accrued on financial instruments is recognized within “Other accounts payable and accrued expenses” against financial expense. During the reported periods, CEMEX did not have financial liabilities voluntarily recognized at fair value or associated to fair value hedge strategies with derivative financial instruments. Direct costs incurred in debt issuances or borrowings, as well as debt refinancing or non-substantial modifications to debt agreements that did not represent an extinguishment of debt by considering that the holders and the relevant economic terms of the new instrument are not substantially different to the replaced instrument, adjust the carrying amount of the related debt and are amortized as interest expense as part of the effective interest rate of each instrument over its maturity. These costs include commissions and professional fees. Costs incurred in the extinguishment of debt, as well as debt refinancing or modifications to debt agreements when the new instrument is substantially different to the old instrument according to a qualitative and quantitative analysis are recognized in the income statement as incurred.
Finance leases are recognized as financing liabilities against a corresponding fixed asset for the lesser of the market value of the leased asset and the NPV of future minimum lease payments, using the contract’s implicit interest rate to the extent available, or the incremental borrowing cost. The main factors that determine a finance lease are: a) ownership title of the asset is transferred to CEMEX at the expiration of the contract; b) CEMEX has a bargain purchase option to acquire the asset at the end of the lease term; c) the lease term covers the majority of the useful life of the asset; and/or d) the NPV of minimum payments represents substantially all the fair value of the related asset at the beginning of the lease.
Financial instruments with components of both liabilities and equity (note 16.2)
The financial instrument that contains components of both liability and equity, such as notes convertible into a fixed number of the issuer’s shares and denominated its same functional currency, each component is recognized separately in the statement of financial position according to the specific characteristics of each transaction. In the case of instruments mandatorily convertible into shares of the issuer, the liability component represents the NPV of interest payments on the principal amount using a market interest rate, without assuming early conversion, and is recognized within “Other financial obligations,” whereas the equity component represents the difference between the principal amount and the liability component, and is recognized within “Other equity reserves”, net of commissions. In the case of instruments that are optionally convertible into a fixed number of shares, the liability component represents the difference between the principal amount and the fair value of the conversion option premium, which reflects the equity component (note 2.14). When the transaction is denominated in a currency different than the functional currency of the issuer, the conversion option is accounted for as a derivative financial instrument at fair value in the income statement.
Derivative financial instruments (note 16.4)
CEMEX recognizes all derivative instruments as assets or liabilities in the statement of financial position at their estimated fair values, and the changes in such fair values are recognized in the income statement within “Financial income and other items, net” for the period in which they occur, except for the effective portion of changes in fair value of derivative instruments associated with cash flow hedges, in which case, such changes in fair value are recognized in stockholders’ equity, and are reclassified to earnings as the interest expense of the related debt is accrued, in the case of interest rate swaps, or when the underlying products are consumed in the case of contracts on the price of raw materials and commodities. Likewise, in hedges of the net investment in foreign subsidiaries, changes in fair value are recognized in stockholders’ equity as part of the foreign currency translation result (note 2.4), which reversal to earnings would take place upon disposal of the foreign investment. During the reported periods, CEMEX did not have derivatives designated as fair value hedges. Derivative instruments are negotiated with institutions with significant financial capacity; therefore, CEMEX believes the risk of non-performance of the obligations agreed to by such counterparties to be minimal.
CEMEX reviews its contracts to identify the existence of embedded derivatives. Identified embedded derivatives are analyzed to determine if they need to be separated from the host contract and recognized in the statement of financial position as assets or liabilities, applying the same valuation rules used for other derivative instruments.
Put options granted for the purchase of non-controlling interests and associates
Represent agreements by means of which a non-controlling interest has the right to sell, at a future date using a predefined price formula or at fair market value, its shares in a subsidiary of CEMEX. When the obligation should be settled in cash or through the delivery of another financial asset, CEMEX recognizes a liability for the NPV of the redemption amount as of the reporting date against the controlling interest within stockholders’ equity. A liability is not recognized under these agreements when the redemption amount is determined at fair market value at the exercise date and CEMEX has the election to settle using its own shares.
In respect of a put option granted for the purchase of an associate, CEMEX would recognize a liability against a loss in the statements of operations whenever the estimated purchase price exceeds the fair value of the net assets to be acquired by CEMEX, had the counterparty exercised its right to sell. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no written put options.
Fair value measurements (note 16.3)
Under IFRS, fair value represents an “Exit Value” which is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, considering the counterparty’s credit risk in the valuation. The concept of Exit Value is premised on the existence of a market and market participants for the specific asset or liability. When there is no market and/or market participants willing to make a market, IFRS establishes a fair value hierarchy that gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to measurements involving significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
| • | Level 1.— represent quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that CEMEX has the ability to access at the measurement date. A quote price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and is used without adjustment to measure fair value whenever available. |
| • | Level 2.— are inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, and are used mainly to determine the fair value of securities, investments or loans that are not actively traded. Level 2 inputs included equity prices, certain interest rates and yield curves, implied volatility and credit spreads, among others, as well as inputs extrapolated from other observable inputs. In the absence of Level 1 inputs, CEMEX determined fair values by iteration of the applicable Level 2 inputs, the number of securities and/or the other relevant terms of the contract, as applicable. |
| • | Level 3.— inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. CEMEX used unobservable inputs to determine fair values, to the extent there are no Level 1 or Level 2 inputs, in valuation models such as Black-Scholes, binomial, discounted cash flows or multiples of Operative EBITDA, including risk assumptions consistent with what market participants would use to arrive at fair value. |
| 2.7) | INVENTORIES (note 11) |
Inventories are valued using the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of inventories includes expenditures incurred in acquiring the inventories, production or conversion costs and other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition. CEMEX analyzes its inventory balances to determine if, as a result of internal events, such as physical damage, or external events, such as technological changes or market conditions, certain portions of such balances have become obsolete or impaired. When an impairment situation arises, the inventory balance is adjusted to its net realizable value, whereas, if an obsolescence situation occurs, the inventory obsolescence reserve is increased. In both cases, these adjustments are recognized against the results of the period. Advances to suppliers of inventory are presented as part of other current assets.
| 2.8) | PROPERTY, MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (note 14) |
Property, machinery and equipment are recognized at their acquisition or construction cost, as applicable, less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Depreciation of fixed assets is recognized as part of cost and operating expenses (note 5), and is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, except for mineral reserves, which are depleted using the units-of-production method. As of December 31, 2017, the average useful lives by category of fixed assets were as follows:
| Years | ||||
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Administrative buildings |
35 | |||
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Industrial buildings |
30 | |||
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Machinery and equipment in plant |
17 | |||
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Ready-mix trucks and motor vehicles |
9 | |||
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Office equipment and other assets |
6 | |||
CEMEX capitalizes, as part of the related cost of fixed assets, interest expense from existing debt during the construction or installation period of significant fixed assets, considering CEMEX’s corporate average interest rate and the average balance of investments in process for the period.
All waste removal costs or stripping costs incurred in the operative phase of a surface mine in order to access the mineral reserves are recognized as part of the carrying amount of the related quarries. The capitalized amounts are further amortized over the expected useful life of exposed ore body based on the units of production method.
Costs incurred in respect of operating fixed assets that result in future economic benefits, such as an extension in their useful lives, an increase in their production capacity or in safety, as well as those costs incurred to mitigate or prevent environmental damage, are capitalized as part of the carrying amount of the related assets. The capitalized costs are depreciated over the remaining useful lives of such fixed assets. Periodic maintenance on fixed assets is expensed as incurred. Advances to suppliers of fixed assets are presented as part of other long-term accounts receivable.
The useful lives and residual values of property, machinery and equipment are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted if appropriate.
| 2.9) | BUSINESS COMBINATIONS, GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS (notes 4.1 and 15) |
Business combinations are recognized using the acquisition method, by allocating the consideration transferred to assume control of the entity to all assets acquired and liabilities assumed, based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Intangible assets acquired are identified and recognized at fair value. Any unallocated portion of the purchase price represents goodwill, which is not amortized and is subject to periodic impairment tests (note 2.10). Goodwill may be adjusted for any correction to the preliminary assessment given to the assets acquired and/or liabilities assumed within the twelve-month period after purchase. Costs associated with the acquisition are expensed in the income statement as incurred.
CEMEX capitalizes intangible assets acquired, as well as costs incurred in the development of intangible assets, when future economic benefits associated are identified and there is evidence of control over such benefits. Intangible assets are recognized at their acquisition or development cost, as applicable. Indefinite life intangible assets are not amortized since the period in which the benefits associated with such intangibles will terminate cannot be accurately established. Definite life intangible assets are amortized on straight-line basis as part of operating costs and expenses (note 5).
Startup costs are recognized in the income statement as they are incurred. Costs associated with research and development activities (“R&D activities”), performed by CEMEX to create products and services, as well as to develop processes, equipment and methods to optimize operational efficiency and reduce costs are recognized in the operating results as incurred. Direct costs incurred in the development stage of computer software for internal use are capitalized and amortized through the operating results over the useful life of the software, which on average is approximately 5 years.
Costs incurred in exploration activities such as payments for rights to explore, topographical and geological studies, as well as trenching, among other items incurred to assess the technical and commercial feasibility of extracting a mineral resource, which are not significant to CEMEX, are capitalized when future economic benefits associated with such activities are identified. When extraction begins, these costs are amortized during the useful life of the quarry based on the estimated tons of material to be extracted. When future economic benefits are not achieved, any capitalized costs are subject to impairment.
CEMEX’s extraction rights have maximum useful lives that range from 30 to 100 years, depending on the sector and the expected life of the related reserves. As of December 31, 2017, except for extraction rights and/or as otherwise indicated, CEMEX’s intangible assets are amortized on a straight line basis over their useful lives that range on average from 3 to 20 years.
| 2.10) | IMPAIRMENT OF LONG LIVED ASSETS (notes 14 and 15) |
Property, machinery and equipment, intangible assets of definite life and other investments
These assets are tested for impairment upon the occurrence of factors such as the occurrence of a significant adverse event, changes in CEMEX’s operating environment or in technology, as well as expectations of lower operating results, in order to determine whether their carrying amounts may not be recovered. An impairment loss is recorded in the income statement for the period within “Other expenses, net,” for the excess of the asset’s carrying amount over its recoverable amount, corresponding to the higher of the fair value less costs to sell the asset, and the asset’s value in use, the latter represented by the NPV of estimated cash flows related to the use and eventual disposal of the asset. The main assumptions utilized to develop estimates of NPV are a discount rate that reflects the risk of the cash flows associated with the assets and the estimations of generation of future income. Those assumptions are evaluated for reasonableness by comparing such discount rates to available market information and by comparing to third-party expectations of industry growth, such as governmental agencies or industry chambers.
When impairment indicators exist, for each intangible asset, CEMEX determines its projected revenue streams over the estimated useful life of the asset. In order to obtain discounted cash flows attributable to each intangible asset, such revenues are adjusted for operating expenses, changes in working capital and other expenditures, as applicable, and discounted to NPV using the risk adjusted discount rate of return. The most significant economic assumptions are: a) the useful life of the asset; b) the risk adjusted discount rate of return; c) royalty rates; and d) growth rates. Assumptions used for these cash flows are consistent with internal forecasts and industry practices. The fair values of these assets are very sensitive to changes in such significant assumptions. Certain key assumptions are more subjective than others. In respect of trademarks, CEMEX considers that the most subjective key assumption is the royalty rate. In respect of extraction rights and customer relationships, the most subjective assumptions are revenue growth rates and estimated useful lives. CEMEX validates its assumptions through benchmarking with industry practices and the corroboration of third party valuation advisors. Significant judgment by management is required to appropriately assess the fair values and values in use of the related assets, as well as to determine the appropriate valuation method and select the significant economic assumptions.
Impairment of long lived assets — Goodwill
Goodwill is tested for impairment when required due to significant adverse changes or at least once a year, during the last quarter of such year. CEMEX determines the recoverable amount of the group of cash-generating units (“CGUs”) to which goodwill balances were allocated, which consists of the higher of such group of CGUs fair value less cost to sell and its value in use, the latter represented by the NPV of estimated future cash flows to be generated by such CGUs to which goodwill was allocated, which are generally determined over periods of 5 years. However, in specific circumstances, when CEMEX considers that actual results for a CGU do not fairly reflect historical performance and most external economic variables provide confidence that a reasonably determinable improvement in the mid-term is expected in their operating results, management uses cash flow projections over a period of up to 10 years, to the point in which future expected average performance resembles the historical average performance, to the extent CEMEX has detailed, explicit and reliable financial forecasts and is confident and can demonstrate its ability, based on past experience, to forecast cash flows accurately over that longer period. If the value in use of a group of CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated is lower than its corresponding carrying amount, CEMEX determines the fair value of such group of CGUs using methodologies generally accepted in the market to determine the value of entities, such as multiples of Operating EBITDA and by reference to other market transactions. An impairment loss is recognized within “Other expenses, net”, if the recoverable amount is lower than the net book value of the group of CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated. Impairment charges recognized on goodwill are not reversed in subsequent periods.
The geographic operating segments reported by CEMEX (note 4.4), represent CEMEX’s groups of CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated for purposes of testing goodwill for impairment, considering: a) that after the acquisition, goodwill was allocated at the level of the geographic operating segment; b) that the operating components that comprise the reported segment have similar economic characteristics; c) that the reported segments are used by CEMEX to organize and evaluate its activities in its internal information system; d) the homogeneous nature of the items produced and traded in each operative component, which are all used by the construction industry; e) the vertical integration in the value chain of the products comprising each component; f) the type of clients, which are substantially similar in all components; g) the operative integration among components; and h) that the compensation system of a specific country is based on the consolidated results of the geographic segment and not on the particular results of the components. In addition, the country level represents the lowest level within CEMEX at which goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes.
Impairment tests are significantly sensitive to the estimation of future prices of CEMEX’s products, the development of operating expenses, local and international economic trends in the construction industry, the long-term growth expectations in the different markets, as well as the discount rates and the growth rates in perpetuity applied. For purposes of estimating future prices, CEMEX uses, to the extent available, historical data plus the expected increase or decrease according to information issued by trusted external sources, such as national construction or cement producer chambers and/or in governmental economic expectations. Operating expenses are normally measured as a constant proportion of revenues, following past experience. However, such operating expenses are also reviewed considering external information sources in respect of inputs that behave according to international prices, such as oil and gas. CEMEX uses specific pre-tax discount rates for each group of CGUs to which goodwill is allocated, which are applied to discount pre-tax cash flows. The amounts of estimated undiscounted cash flows are significantly sensitive to the growth rate in perpetuity applied. Likewise, the amounts of discounted estimated future cash flows are significantly sensitive to the weighted average cost of capital (discount rate) applied. The higher the growth rate in perpetuity applied, the higher the amount of undiscounted future cash flows by group of CGUs obtained. Conversely, the higher the discount rate applied, the lower the amount of discounted estimated future cash flows by group of CGUs obtained.
| 2.11) | PROVISIONS |
CEMEX recognizes provisions when it has a legal or constructive obligation resulting from past events, whose resolution would imply cash outflows or the delivery of other resources owned by the Company. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 some significant proceedings that gave rise to a portion of the carrying amount of CEMEX’s other current and non-current liabilities and provisions are detailed in note 24.1.
Considering guidance under IFRS, CEMEX recognizes provisions for levies imposed by governments until the obligating event or the activity that triggers the payment of the levy has occurred, as defined in the legislation.
Restructuring
CEMEX recognizes provisions for restructuring when the restructuring detailed plans have been properly finalized and authorized by management, and have been communicated to the third parties involved and/or affected by the restructuring prior to the statement of financial position date. These provisions may include costs not associated with CEMEX’s ongoing activities.
Asset retirement obligations (note 17)
Unavoidable obligations, legal or constructive, to restore operating sites upon retirement of long-lived assets at the end of their useful lives are measured at the NPV of estimated future cash flows to be incurred in the restoration process, and are initially recognized against the related assets’ book value. The increase to the assets’ book value is depreciated during its remaining useful life. The increase in the liability related to adjustments to NPV by the passage of time is charged to the line item “Financial income and other items, net.” Adjustments to the liability for changes in estimations are recognized against fixed assets, and depreciation is modified prospectively. These obligations are related mainly to future costs of demolition, cleaning and reforestation, so that quarries, maritime terminals and other production sites are left in acceptable condition at the end of their operation.
Costs related to remediation of the environment (notes 17 and 24)
Provisions associated with environmental damage represent the estimated future cost of remediation, which are recognized at their nominal value when the time schedule for the disbursement is not clear, or when the economic effect for the passage of time is not significant; otherwise, such provisions are recognized at their discounted values. Reimbursements from insurance companies are recognized as assets only when their recovery is practically certain. In that case, such reimbursement assets are not offset against the provision for remediation costs.
Contingencies and commitments (notes 23 and 24)
Obligations or losses related to contingencies are recognized as liabilities in the statement of financial position only when present obligations exist resulting from past events that are expected to result in an outflow of resources and the amount can be measured reliably. Otherwise, a qualitative disclosure is included in the notes to the financial statements. The effects of long-term commitments established with third parties, such as supply contracts with suppliers or customers, are recognized in the financial statements on an incurred or accrued basis, after taking into consideration the substance of the agreements. Relevant commitments are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. The Company does not recognize contingent revenues, income or assets, unless their realization is virtually certain.
| 2.12) | PENSIONS AND OTHER POST-EMPLOYMENT BENEFITS (note 18) |
Defined contribution pension plans
The costs of defined contribution pension plans are recognized in the operating results as they are incurred. Liabilities arising from such plans are settled through cash transfers to the employees’ retirement accounts, without generating future obligations.
Defined benefit pension plans and other post-employment benefits
The costs associated with employees’ benefits for: a) defined benefit pension plans; and b) other post-employment benefits, basically comprised of health care benefits, life insurance and seniority premiums, granted by CEMEX and/or pursuant to applicable law, are recognized as services are rendered, based on actuarial estimations of the benefits’ present value with the advice of external actuaries. For certain pension plans, CEMEX has created irrevocable trust funds to cover future benefit payments (“plan assets”). These plan assets are valued at their estimated fair value at the statement of financial position date. The actuarial assumptions and accounting policy consider: a) the use of nominal rates; b) a single rate is used for the determination of the expected return on plan assets and the discount of the benefits obligation to present value; c) a net interest is recognized on the net defined benefit liability (liability minus plan assets); and d) all actuarial gains and losses for the period, related to differences between the projected and real actuarial assumptions at the end of the period, as well as the difference between the expected and real return on plan assets, are recognized as part of “Other items of comprehensive income, net” within stockholders’ equity.
The service cost, corresponding to the increase in the obligation for additional benefits earned by employees during the period, is recognized within operating costs and expenses. The net interest cost, resulting from the increase in obligations for changes in NPV and the change during the period in the estimated fair value of plan assets, is recognized within “Financial income and other items, net.”
The effects from modifications to the pension plans that affect the cost of past services are recognized within operating costs and expenses over the period in which such modifications become effective to the employees or without delay if changes are effective immediately. Likewise, the effects from curtailments and/or settlements of obligations occurring during the period, associated with events that significantly reduce the cost of future services and/or reduce significantly the population subject to pension benefits, respectively, are recognized within operating costs and expenses.
Termination benefits
Termination benefits, not associated with a restructuring event, which mainly represent severance payments by law, are recognized in the operating results for the period in which they are incurred.
| 2.13) | INCOME TAXES (note 19) |
The effects reflected in the income statement for income taxes include the amounts incurred during the period and the amounts of deferred income taxes, determined according to the income tax law applicable to each subsidiary. Consolidated deferred income taxes represent the addition of the amounts determined in each subsidiary by applying the enacted statutory income tax rate to the total temporary differences resulting from comparing the book and taxable values of assets and liabilities, considering tax assets such as loss carryforwards and other recoverable taxes, to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be utilized. The measurement of deferred income taxes at the reporting period reflects the tax consequences that follow the manner in which CEMEX expects to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities. Deferred income taxes for the period represent the difference between balances of deferred income taxes at the beginning and the end of the period. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities relating to different tax jurisdictions are not offset. According to IFRS, all items charged or credited directly in stockholders’ equity or as part of other comprehensive income or loss for the period are recognized net of their current and deferred income tax effects. The effect of a change in enacted statutory tax rates is recognized in the period in which the change is officially enacted.
Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced when it is not deemed probable that the related tax benefit will be realized, considering the aggregate amount of self-determined tax loss carryforwards that CEMEX believes will not be rejected by the tax authorities based on available evidence and the likelihood of recovering them prior to their expiration through an analysis of estimated future taxable income. If it is probable that the tax authorities would reject a self-determined deferred tax asset, CEMEX would decrease such asset. When it is considered that a deferred tax asset will not be recovered before its expiration, CEMEX would not recognize such deferred tax asset. Both situations would result in additional income tax expense for the period in which such determination is made. In order to determine whether it is probable that deferred tax assets will ultimately be recovered, CEMEX takes into consideration all available positive and negative evidence, including factors such as market conditions, industry analysis, expansion plans, projected taxable income, carryforward periods, current tax structure, potential changes or adjustments in tax structure, tax planning strategies, future reversals of existing temporary differences. Likewise, CEMEX analyzes its actual results versus the Company’s estimates, and adjusts, as necessary, its tax asset valuations. If actual results vary from CEMEX’s estimates, the deferred tax asset and/or valuations may be affected and necessary adjustments will be made based on relevant information in CEMEX’s income statement for such period.
The income tax effects from an uncertain tax position are recognized when is probable that the position will be sustained based on its technical merits and assuming that the tax authorities will examine each position and have full knowledge of all relevant information, and they are measured using a cumulative probability model. Each position has been considered on its own, regardless of its relation to any other broader tax settlement. The high probability threshold represents a positive assertion by management that CEMEX is entitled to the economic benefits of a tax position. If a tax position is considered not probable of being sustained, no benefits of the position are recognized. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded as part of the income tax in the consolidated income statements.
The effective income tax rate is determined dividing the line item “Income Tax” by the line item “Earnings before income tax.” This effective tax rate is further reconciled to CEMEX’s statutory tax rate applicable in Mexico (note 19.3). A significant effect in CEMEX’s effective tax rate and consequently in the aforementioned reconciliation of CEMEX’s effective tax rate, relates to the difference between the statutory income tax rate in Mexico of 30% against the applicable income tax rates of each country where CEMEX operates.
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the statutory tax rates in CEMEX’s main operations were as follows:
| Country | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||
|
Mexico |
30.0% | 30.0% | 30.0% | |||
|
United States |
35.0% | 35.0% | 35.0% | |||
|
United Kingdom |
19.3% | 20.0% | 20.3% | |||
|
France |
34.4% | 34.4% | 38.0% | |||
|
Germany |
28.2% | 28.2% | 29.8% | |||
|
Spain |
25.0% | 25.0% | 28.0% | |||
|
Philippines |
30.0% | 30.0% | 30.0% | |||
|
Colombia |
40.0% | 40.0% | 39.0% | |||
|
Egypt |
22.5% | 22.5% | 22.5% | |||
|
Switzerland |
9.6% | 9.6% | 9.6% | |||
|
Others |
7.8% – 39.0% | 7.8% – 39.0% | 7.8% – 39.0% |
CEMEX’s current and deferred income tax amounts included in the income statement for the period are highly variable, and are subject, among other factors, to taxable income determined in each jurisdiction in which CEMEX operates. Such amounts of taxable income depend on factors such as sale volumes and prices, costs and expenses, exchange rates fluctuations and interest on debt, among others, as well as to the estimated tax assets at the end of the period due to the expected future generation of taxable gains in each jurisdiction.
| 2.14) | STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |
Common stock and additional paid-in capital (note 20.1)
These items represent the value of stockholders’ contributions, and include increases related to the capitalization of retained earnings and the recognition of executive compensation programs in CEMEX’s CPOs as well as decreases associated with the restitution of retained earnings.
Other equity reserves (note 20.2)
Groups the cumulative effects of items and transactions that are, temporarily or permanently, recognized directly to stockholders’ equity, and includes the comprehensive income, which reflects certain changes in stockholders’ equity that do not result from investments by owners and distributions to owners. The most significant items within “Other equity reserves” during the reported periods are as follows:
Items of “Other equity reserves” included within other comprehensive income:
| • | Currency translation effects from the translation of foreign subsidiaries, net of: a) exchange results from foreign currency debt directly related to the acquisition of foreign subsidiaries; and b) exchange results from foreign currency related parties balances that are of a non-current investment class (note 2.4); |
| • | The effective portion of the valuation and liquidation effects from derivative instruments under cash flow hedging relationships, which are recorded temporarily in stockholders’ equity (note 2.6); |
| • | Changes in fair value of available-for-sale investments until their disposal (note 2.6); and |
| • | Current and deferred income taxes during the period arising from items whose effects are directly recognized in stockholders’ equity. |
Items of “Other equity reserves” not included in comprehensive income:
| • | Effects related to controlling stockholders’ equity for changes or transactions affecting non-controlling interest stockholders in CEMEX’s consolidated subsidiaries; |
| • | Effects attributable to controlling stockholders’ equity for financial instruments issued by consolidated subsidiaries that qualify for accounting purposes as equity instruments, such as the interest expense paid on perpetual debentures; |
| • | The equity component of securities which are mandatorily or optionally convertible into shares of the Parent Company (notes 2.6 and 16.2). Upon conversion, this amount will be reclassified to common stock and additional paid-in capital; and |
| • | The cancellation of the Parent Company’s shares held by consolidated entities. |
Retained earnings (note 20.3)
Retained earnings represent the cumulative net results of prior years, net of: a) dividends declared; b) capitalization of retained earnings; and c) restitution of retained earnings when applicable.
Non-controlling interest and perpetual debentures (note 20.4)
This caption includes the share of non-controlling stockholders in the results and equity of consolidated subsidiaries. This caption also includes the nominal amount of financial instruments (perpetual notes) issued by consolidated entities that qualify as equity instruments considering that there is: a) no contractual obligation to deliver cash or another financial asset; b) no predefined maturity date; and c) an unilateral option to defer interest payments or preferred dividends for indeterminate periods.
| 2.15) | REVENUE RECOGNITION (note 3) |
Beginning January 1, 2018, IFRS 15, Revenue from contracts with customers is effective, see note 2.20. Until December 31, 2017, CEMEX’s policy for revenue recognition is set forth below:
CEMEX’s consolidated net sales represent the value, before tax on sales, of revenues originated by products and services sold by consolidated subsidiaries as a result of their ordinary activities, after the elimination of transactions between related parties, and are quantified at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, decreased by any trade discounts or volume rebates granted to customers.
Revenue from the sale of goods and services is recognized when goods are delivered or services are rendered to customers, there is no condition or uncertainty implying a reversal thereof, and they have assumed the risk of loss. Revenue from trading activities, in which CEMEX acquires finished goods from a third party and subsequently sells the goods to another third-party, are recognized on a gross basis, considering that CEMEX assumes the total risk on the goods purchased, not acting as agent or broker.
Revenue and costs related to construction contracts are recognized in the period in which the work is performed by reference to the contract’s stage of completion at the end of the period, considering that the following have been defined: a) each party’s enforceable rights regarding the asset under construction; b) the consideration to be exchanged; c) the manner and terms of settlement; d) actual costs incurred and contract costs required to complete the asset are effectively controlled; and e) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the contract will flow to the entity.
The stage of completion of construction contracts represents the proportion that contract costs incurred for work performed to date bear to the estimated total contract costs or the surveys of work performed or the physical proportion of the contract work completed, whichever better reflects the percentage of completion under the specific circumstances. Progress payments and advances received from customers do not reflect the work performed and are recognized as a short or long term advanced payments, as appropriate.
| 2.16) | COST OF SALES AND OPERATING EXPENSES (note 5) |
Cost of sales represents the production cost of inventories at the moment of sale. Such cost of sales includes depreciation, amortization and depletion of assets involved in production, expenses related to storage in production plants and freight expenses of raw material in plants and delivery expenses of CEMEX’s ready-mix concrete business.
Administrative expenses represent the expenses associated with personnel, services and equipment, including depreciation and amortization, related to managerial activities and back office for the Company’s management.
Sales expenses represent the expenses associated with personnel, services and equipment, including depreciation and amortization, involved specifically in sales activities.
Distribution and logistics expenses refer to expenses of storage at points of sales, including depreciation and amortization, as well as freight expenses of finished products between plants and points of sale and freight expenses between points of sales and the customers’ facilities.
| 2.17) | EXECUTIVE SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION (note 21) |
Share-based payments to executives are defined as equity instruments when services received from employees are settled by delivering shares of the Parent Company and/or a subsidiary; or as liability instruments when CEMEX commits to make cash payments to the executives on the exercise date of the awards based on changes in the Parent Company and/or subsidiary’s own stock (intrinsic value). The cost of equity instruments represents their estimated fair value at the date of grant and is recognized in the income statement during the period in which the exercise rights of the employees become vested. In respect of liability instruments, these instruments are valued at their estimated fair value at each reporting date, recognizing the changes in fair value through the operating results. CEMEX determines the estimated fair value at the date of grant of stock compensation programs with performance conditions using Monte Carlo simulations.
| 2.18) | EMISSION RIGHTS |
In certain countries where CEMEX operates, such as EU countries, mechanisms aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions (“CO2”) have been established by means of which, the relevant environmental authorities have granted certain number of emission rights (“certificates”) free of cost to the different industries releasing CO2, which must submit to such environmental authorities at the end of a compliance period, certificates for a volume equivalent to the tons of CO2 released. Companies must obtain additional certificates to meet deficits between actual CO2 emissions during the compliance period and certificates received, or they can dispose of any surplus of certificates in the market. In addition, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (“UNFCCC”) grants Certified Emission Reductions (“CERs”) to qualified CO2 emission reduction projects. CERs may be used in specified proportions to settle emission rights obligations in the EU. CEMEX actively participates in the development of projects aimed to reduce CO2 emissions. Some of these projects have been awarded with CERs.
CEMEX does not maintain emission rights, CERs and/or enter into forward transactions with trading purposes. CEMEX accounts for the effects associated with CO2 emission reduction mechanisms as follows:
| • | Certificates received for free are not recognized in the statement of financial position. Revenues from the sale of any surplus of certificates are recognized by decreasing cost of sales. In forward sale transactions, revenues are recognized upon physical delivery of the emission certificates. |
| • | Certificates and/or CERs acquired to hedge current CO2 emissions are recognized as intangible assets at cost, and are further amortized to cost of sales during the compliance period. In the case of forward purchases, assets are recognized upon physical reception of the certificates. |
| • | CEMEX accrues a provision against cost of sales when the estimated annual emissions of CO2 are expected to exceed the number of emission rights, net of any benefit obtained through swap transactions of emission rights for CERs. |
| • | CERs received from the UNFCCC are recognized as intangible assets at their development cost, which are attributable mainly to legal expenses incurred in the process of obtaining such CERs. |
During 2017, 2016 and 2015, there were no sales of emission rights to third parties. In addition, in certain countries, the environmental authorities impose levies per ton of CO2 or other greenhouse gases released. Such expenses are recognized as part of cost of sales as incurred.
| 2.19) | CONCENTRATION OF CREDIT |
CEMEX sells its products primarily to distributors in the construction industry, with no specific geographic concentration within the countries in which CEMEX operates. As of and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, no single customer individually accounted for a significant amount of the reported amounts of sales or in the balances of trade receivables. In addition, there is no significant concentration of a specific supplier relating to the purchase of raw materials.
| 2.20) | NEWLY ISSUED IFRS NOT YET ADOPTED |
There are a number of IFRS issued as of the date of issuance of these financial statements which have not yet been adopted, described as follow:
IFRS 9, Financial Instruments: classification and measurement (“IFRS 9”)
IFRS 9 sets forth the guidance relating to the classification and measurement of financial assets and liabilities, the accounting for expected credit losses of financial assets and commitments to extend credits, as well as the requirements for hedge accounting; and will replace IAS 39, Financial Instruments: recognition and measurement (“IAS 39”). IFRS 9 is effective beginning January 1, 2018. Among other aspects, IFRS 9 changes the classification categories for financial assets under IAS 39 of: 1) held to maturity; 2) loans and receivables; 3) fair value through the income statement; and 4) available for sale; and replaces them with categories that reflect the measurement method, the contractual cash flow characteristics and the entity’s business model for managing the financial asset: 1) amortized cost, that will significantly comprise IAS 39 held to maturity and loans and receivables categories; 2) fair value through other comprehensive income, similar to IAS 39 held to maturity category; and 3) fair value through the income statement with the same IAS 39 definitions. The adoption of such classification categories under IFRS 9 will not have any significant effect on CEMEX’s operating results, financial situation and compliance of contractual obligations (financial restrictions).
In addition, under the new impairment model based on expected credit losses, impairment losses for the entire lifetime of financial assets, including trade accounts receivable, are recognized on initial recognition, and at each subsequent reporting period, even in the absence of a credit event or if the loss has not yet been incurred, considering for their measurement past events and current conditions, as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts affecting collectability. Changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts under the new expected credit loss model upon adoption of IFRS 9 on January 1, 2018 will be recognized through equity.
In this regard, CEMEX developed an expected credit loss model applicable to its trade accounts receivable that considers the historical performance, as well as the credit risk and expected developments for each group of customers, ready for the prospective adoption of IFRS 9 on January 1, 2018. The preliminary effects for adoption of IFRS 9 on January 1, 2018 related to the new expected credit loss model which do not represent any significant impact on CEMEX’s operating results, financial situation and compliance of contractual obligations (financial restrictions), represent an estimated increase in the allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2017 of Ps519 that will be recognized against equity.
In connection with hedge accounting under IFRS 9, among other changes, there is a relief for entities in performing: a) the retrospective effectiveness test at inception of the hedging relationship; and b) the requirement to maintain a prospective effectiveness ratio between 0.8 and 1.25 at each reporting date for purposes of sustaining the hedging designation, both requirements of IAS 39. Under IFRS 9, a hedging relationship can be established to the extent the entity considers, based on the analysis of the overall characteristics of the hedging and hedged items, that the hedge will be highly effective in the future and the hedge relationship at inception is aligned with the entity’s reported risk management strategy. Nonetheless, IFRS 9 maintains the same hedging accounting categories of cash flow hedge, fair value hedge and hedge of a net investment established in IAS 39, as well as the requirement of recognizing the ineffective portion of a cash flow hedge immediately in the income statement. CEMEX does not expect any significant effect upon adoption of the new hedge accounting rules under IFRS 9 beginning January 1, 2018.
Considering the prospective adoption of IFRS 9 as of January 1, 2018, according to the options provided in the standard, there may be lack of comparability beginning January 1, 2018, with the information of impairment of financial assets disclosed in prior years, however, the effects are not significant.
IFRS 15, Revenues from contracts with customers (“IFRS 15”)
Under IFRS 15, an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services, following a five step model: Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer (agreement that creates enforceable rights and obligations); Step 2: Identify the different performance obligations (promises) in the contract and account for those separately; Step 3: Determine the transaction price (amount of consideration an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services); Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative stand-alone selling prices of each distinct good or service; and Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of a promised good or service to the customer. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time (typically for the sale of goods) or over time (typically for the sale of services and construction contracts). IFRS 15 also includes disclosure requirements to provide comprehensive information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity’s contracts with customers. IFRS 15 is effective on January 1, 2018 and will supersede all existing guidance on revenue recognition. Beginning January 1, 2018, CEMEX will adopt IFRS 15 using the full retrospective approach, which represents the restatement of the financial statements of prior years.
CEMEX started in 2015 the evaluation of the impacts of IFRS 15 on the accounting and disclosures of its revenues. As of December 31, 2017, CEMEX has analyzed its contracts with customers in all the countries in which it operates in order to review the different performance obligations and other promises (discounts, loyalty programs, rebates, etc.) included in such contracts, among other aspects, aimed to determine the differences in the accounting recognition of revenue with respect to current IFRS and concluded the theoretical assessment. In addition, key personnel were trained in the new standard with the support of external experts and an online training course was implemented. Moreover, CEMEX also concluded the quantification of the adjustments that are necessary to present prior year’s information under IFRS 15 beginning in 2018. The adjustments determined in CEMEX’s revenue recognition will not generate any material impact on CEMEX’s operating results, financial situation and compliance of contractual obligations (financial restrictions).
Among other minor effects, the main changes under IFRS 15 as they apply to CEMEX refer to: a) several reclassifications that are required to comply with IFRS 15 new accounts in the statement of financial position aimed to recognize contract assets (costs to obtain a contract) and contract liabilities (deferred revenue for promises not yet fulfilled); b) rebates and/or discounts offered to customers in a sale transaction that are redeemable by the customer in a subsequent purchase transaction, are considered separate performance obligations, rather than future costs, and a portion of the sale price of such transaction allocated to these promises should be deferred to revenue until the promise is redeemed or expires; and c) awards (points) offer to customers through their purchases under loyalty programs that are later redeemable for goods or services, also represent separate performance obligations, rather than future costs, and a portion of the sale price of such transactions allocated to these points should be deferred to revenue until the points are redeemed or expire. These reclassifications and adjustments are not expected to be material.
Considering the full retrospective adoption of IFRS 15 beginning January 1, 2018, according to the options considered in the standard, there will not be lack of comparability of the financial information prepared in prior years.
IFRS 16, Leases (“IFRS 16”)
IFRS 16 defines leases as any contract or part of a contract that conveys to the lessee the right to use an asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration and the lessee directs the use of the identified asset throughout that period. In summary, IFRS 16 introduces a single lessee accounting model, and requires a lessee to recognize, for all leases with a term of more than 12 months, unless the underlying asset is of low value, assets for the right-of-use the underlying asset against a corresponding financial liability, representing the NPV of estimated lease payments under the contract, with a single income statement model in which a lessee recognizes amortization of the right-of-use asset and interest on the lease liability. A lessee shall present either in the statement of financial position, or disclose in the notes, right-of-use assets separately from other assets, as well as, lease liabilities separately from other liabilities. IFRS 16 is effective beginning January 1, 2019 and will supersede all current standards and interpretations related to lease accounting.
As of December 31, 2017, CEMEX has concluded an assessment of its main outstanding lease contracts and other contracts that may have embedded the use of an asset, in order to inventory the most relevant characteristics of such contracts (types of assets, committed payments, maturity dates, renewal clauses, etc.). During the first quarter of 2018, CEMEX expects to define its future policy under IFRS 16 in connection with the exception for short-term leases and low-value assets, in order to set the basis and be able to quantify the required adjustments for the proper recognition of the assets for the “right-of-use” and the corresponding financial liabilities, aiming to adopt IFRS 16 on January 1, 2019. CEMEX plans preliminarily the adoption of IFRS 16 retrospectively to the extent such adoption is practicable. Based on its preliminary assessment as of the reporting date, CEMEX considers that upon adoption of IFRS 16, most of its outstanding operating leases (note 23.5) would be recognized in the statement of financial position, increasing assets and liabilities, as well as amortization and interest, without any significant initial effect on net assets.
CEMEX does not expect any significant effect on its operation results, financial situation and compliance with contractual obligations (financial restrictions) due to the adoption effects. If retrospective adoption of IFRS 16 beginning January 1, 2019 is applied, according to the options considered in the standard, there would not be lack of comparability of the financial information prepared in prior years.
IFRIC 23, Uncertainty over income tax treatments (“IFRIC 23”)
IFRIC 23 clarifies the accounting for uncertainties in income taxes. Among other aspects, when an entity concludes that it is not probable that a particular tax treatment is accepted, the entity has to use the most likely amount or the expected value of the tax treatment when determining taxable profit (tax loss), tax bases, unused tax losses, unused tax credits and tax rates. The decision should be based on which method provides better predictions of the resolution of the uncertainty. IFRIC 23 is effective beginning January 1, 2019. Considering CEMEX’s current policy for uncertain tax positions (note 2.13) CEMEX does not expect any significant effect from the adoption of IFRIC 23.