Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis | Valuation of our financial instruments by pricing observability levels as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 was as follows (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total | | | December 31, 2016: | | | | | | | | Money markets | $ | 107,250 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 107,250 |
| U.S. Treasury Bills | — |
| | 922,126 |
| | — |
| | 922,126 |
| Available-for-sale | | | | | | | | Equity securities | 23 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 23 |
| Fixed income securities | 22 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 22 |
| Trading | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Equity securities | 158,316 |
| | 17,785 |
| | 110 |
| | 176,211 |
| Fixed income securities | 80,473 |
| | 11,107 |
| | — |
| | 91,580 |
| Long exchange-traded options | 3,106 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 3,106 |
| Derivatives | 1,224 |
| | 7,189 |
| | — |
| | 8,413 |
| Private equity | — |
| | — |
| | 4,913 |
| | 4,913 |
| Consolidated VIEs | | | | | | | | Investments | 341,830 |
| | 203,197 |
| | 5,741 |
| | 550,768 |
| Derivatives | 58 |
| | 1,739 |
| | — |
| | 1,797 |
| Total assets measured at fair value | $ | 692,302 |
| | $ | 1,163,143 |
| | $ | 10,764 |
| | $ | 1,866,209 |
| | | | | | | | | Securities sold not yet purchased | | | | | | | | Short equities – corporate | $ | 40,252 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 40,252 |
| Short exchange-traded options | 692 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 692 |
| Derivatives | 1,092 |
| | 7,557 |
| | — |
| | 8,649 |
| Consolidated VIEs | | | | | | | | Short equities | 248,419 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 248,419 |
| Derivatives | 48 |
| | 2,033 |
| | — |
| | 2,081 |
| Contingent payment arrangements | — |
| | — |
| | 17,589 |
| | 17,589 |
| Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | 290,503 |
| | $ | 9,590 |
| | $ | 17,589 |
| | $ | 317,682 |
| | | | | | | | | December 31, 2015: | | | | | | | | Money markets | $ | 116,445 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 116,445 |
| U.S. Treasury Bills | — |
| | 485,121 |
| | — |
| | 485,121 |
| Available-for-sale | | | | | | | | Equity securities | 181 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 181 |
| Fixed income securities | 183 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 183 |
| Trading | | | | | | | | Equity securities | 325,248 |
| | 874 |
| | 113 |
| | 326,235 |
| Fixed income securities | 170,244 |
| | 12,532 |
| | — |
| | 182,776 |
| Long exchange-traded options | 5,910 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 5,910 |
| Derivatives | 1,539 |
| | 11,049 |
| | — |
| | 12,588 |
| Private equity | 14,305 |
| | — |
| | 16,035 |
| | 30,340 |
| Total assets measured at fair value | $ | 634,055 |
| | $ | 509,576 |
| | $ | 16,148 |
| | $ | 1,159,779 |
| | | | | | | | | Securities sold not yet purchased | | | | | | | | Short equities – corporate | $ | 15,254 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 15,254 |
| Short exchange-traded options | 843 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 843 |
| Derivatives | 2,651 |
| | 9,570 |
| | — |
| | 12,221 |
| Contingent payment arrangements | — |
| | — |
| | 31,399 |
| | 31,399 |
| Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | 18,748 |
| | $ | 9,570 |
| | $ | 31,399 |
| | $ | 59,717 |
|
|
Fair Value Measurement Level 3 Reconciliation | The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value, classified as private equity investments, trading equity securities and investments held by our consolidated VIEs, is as follows: | | | | | | | | | | December 31, 2016 | | December 31, 2015 | | (in thousands) | Balance as of beginning of period | $ | 16,148 |
| | $ | 27,813 |
| Transfers out | (23,566 | ) | | (26 | ) | Activity related to consolidated VIEs | 19,772 |
| | — |
| Purchases | — |
| | 195 |
| Sales | — |
| | (14,178 | ) | Realized gains, net | — |
| | 1,983 |
| Unrealized (losses) gains, net | (1,590 | ) | | 361 |
| Balance as of end of period | $ | 10,764 |
| | $ | 16,148 |
|
|
Schedule of Contingent Payment Arrangements Level 3 Financial Instruments | The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value, classified as contingent payment arrangements, is as follows: | | | | | | | | | | December 31, 2016 | | December 31, 2015 | | (in thousands) | Balance as of beginning of period | $ | 31,399 |
| | $ | 42,436 |
| Addition | 11,893 |
| | — |
| Accretion | 1,237 |
| | 1,770 |
| Changes in estimates | (21,482 | ) | | (7,211 | ) | Payments | (5,458 | ) | | (5,596 | ) | Balance as of end of period | $ | 17,589 |
| | $ | 31,399 |
|
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